<p>Concept Review Research in Psych, 7e: Study Guide, Chapter 4 4-1</p><p>After you finish reading and studying each main section of the chapter, print out this document and answer the following questions to test your comprehension.</p><p> What to Measure – Varieties of Behavior o What are two different ways in which researchers develop measures for constructs? </p><p> o The “gravity” study is a good example of how operational definitions can be used to bring seemingly unmeasurable constructs into the lab. Explain. </p><p> o Describe how reaction time can be used to measure visual imagery. </p><p> o Historically, how was the reaction time method first used? </p><p> Evaluating Measures o How can you tell when a measure is reliable? </p><p> o What is content validity and how does it differ from what is sometimes called face validity? </p><p> o What is meant by criterion validity? </p><p> o What is construct validity and how does it relate to convergent and discriminant validity? </p><p> o Measures can be reliable without being valid, but if a measure is valid, you can assume that it is also reliable. Explain (hint: phrenology example). </p><p> Scales of Measurement o Give an example to show that you understand nominal scales of measurement. </p><p> o Give an example to show that you understand ordinal scales of measurement. </p><p> o What is the difference between an interval and a ratio scale of measurement? </p><p> Statistical Analysis o Distinguish between samples and populations. </p><p>- 1 - Concept Review Research in Psych, 7e: Study Guide, Chapter 4 4-2</p><p> o Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistics. </p><p> o Distinguish between the mean, median, and mode. </p><p> o When is it better to use a median rather than the mean? </p><p> o What are three different measures of variability? </p><p> o What is an interquartile range and when is it used? </p><p> o When reporting a set of scores, why is it important to report not just the mean, but also the standard deviation, or some other measure of variability? </p><p> o Distinguish between an actual and a hypothetical frequency distribution. What is the importance of the latter? </p><p> o When creating a graph, why is it important to be careful about the labeling of the Y-axis? </p><p> o Describe how testing the null hypothesis is similar to testing the guilt of someone in a courtroom. </p><p> o Describe what is meant by the phrase “rejecting the null hypothesis.” </p><p> o What is a Type I error? Give an example. </p><p> o What is a Type II error? Give an example. </p><p> o Explain why a failure to reject the null hypothesis can sometimes be an important outcome. </p><p> o What question is answered by an effect size analysis? </p><p> o Describe what is meant by a confidence interval. </p><p>- 2 - Concept Review Research in Psych, 7e: Study Guide, Chapter 4 4-3</p><p> o What is power and what factors influence it? </p><p>- 3 -</p>