<p>Absolutism to the Fall of Napoleon – Vocabulary</p><p>Russia</p><p>1. Autocrat (G) – ruler who has complete authority.</p><p>2. Catherine the Great – German born ruler of an efficient, autocratic Russian government; she expanded South to gain warm water ports.</p><p>3. Enlightened Despot (G) – absolute ruler who uses his or her power to bring about political and social change.</p><p>4. Peter the Great – Russian czar who westernized Russia and centralized royal power.</p><p>The Enlightenment</p><p>5. Baron de Montesquieu – Wrote the Spirit of Laws, which designed a three-branch system of government.</p><p>6. Enlightenment (RBG) – the period in the 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason.</p><p>7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Wrote the Social Contract – stressed that man was born free and becomes corrupted.</p><p>8. John Locke – Wrote Two Treatises of Government, which outlined the Natural Rights of life, liberty, and property.</p><p>9. Natural Right(s) (G) – right that belongs to all humans from birth.</p><p>10. Social Contract (G) – agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos.</p><p>11. Thomas Hobbes – Wrote the Leviathan, supported absolutism because man is naturally evil and must be controlled by the government.</p><p>12. Voltaire – Wrote Candide, which defended freedom of speech and thought. The French Revolution</p><p>13. Absolute Monarch (G) – ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.</p><p>14. Bourgeoisie (G) – the middle class.</p><p>15. Coup d’etat (RBG) – a revolt by a small group intended to overthrow a government.</p><p>16. Declaration of the Rights of Man – French document which was a first step towards writing a constitution.</p><p>17. Divine Right (G) – belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.</p><p>18. Louis XIV – Absolute monarch of France referred to as the Sun King.</p><p>19. Maximilien Robespierre - Chief architect of the Reign of Terror.</p><p>20. Napoleon Bonaparte – French General who became self-proclaimed Emperor of France.</p><p>21. National Assembly (RBG) – group formed mostly by the third estate in France in 1789 with the intention of writing a new constitution.</p><p>22. Reign of Terror – A period during which French revolutionary courts executed 40,000 people mostly by use of the guillotine.</p><p>England</p><p>23. English Bill of Rights (RBG) – a set of acts passed by Parliament to ensure its superiority over the monarchy and guarantee certain rights to citizens.</p><p>24. Limited Monarchy (G) – government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.</p><p>25. Parliament (RBG) – representative assembly of England.</p>