<p>Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>Gregor Mendel</p><p> The basic laws of heredity were first formed during the mid</p><p>______by an Austrian botanist monk named Gregor</p><p>______. Because his work laid the foundation to</p><p> the study of ______, Mendel is referred to as</p><p>“______.”</p><p>Mendel’s Pea Plants</p><p>Mendel based his laws on his studies of ______. </p><p>Mendel was able to observe differences in multiple traits over many </p><p>______because pea plants reproduce ______, and have many visible traits which include:</p><p> •</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>Mendel’s Experiments</p><p>Mendel noticed that some plants always produced ______that had a form of a trait ______like the parent plant. He called these plants </p><p>______plants. For instance, purebred short plants always produced </p><p>______offspring and purebred ______plants always produced tall offspring.</p><p>Mendel crossed purebred plants with ______forms of a trait. He called these plants ______, or _____ generation. For instance, purebred tall plants were crossed with purebred short plants. Mendel observed that ______of the offspring grew to be tall plants. None resembled the </p><p>______parent. He called this generation of offspring the ______</p><p>______, or F1 generation.</p><p>Mendel’s Second Experiment Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>Mendel then crossed two of the offspring tall plants produced from his first experiment. (Fill in the titles above and below the plants in these notes)</p><p>Mendel called this ______generation of plants the second ______, F2 generation. To his surprise, Mendel observed that this generation had a ______of tall and short plants. This occurred even though ______of the F1 parents were short.</p><p>Mendel’s Law of Segregation</p><p>Mendel’s first law, the ______, has three parts. </p><p>From his experiments, Mendel concluded that: Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>1. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______.</p><p>2. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______.</p><p>3. ______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>Dominant and Recessive Genes Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>Mendel went on to reason that one ______(gene) in a pair may mask, or </p><p>______, the other factor. Mendel concluded that the ______factor masked the ______factor.</p><p>Today, scientists refer to the “factors” that control traits as ______. The different forms of a gene are called ______. </p><p>Alleles that mask or hide other alleles, such as the “tall” allele, are said to be ______.</p><p>A ______allele, such as the ______allele, is masked or covered up whenever the dominant allele is present.</p><p>Homozygous Genes</p><p>What Mendel referred to as a “purebred” plant we now know means that the plant has two ______genes for a particular trait. For instance, a purebred tall plant has two tall genes and a purebred short plant has two short genes. The modern scientific term for “purebred” is ______. </p><p>According to Mendel’s Law of Segregation, each parent donates one height gene to the offspring. Since each parent had only short genes to donate, all offspring will also have two short genes (homozygous) and will therefore be short. Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p>Hybrid Alleles</p><p>In Mendel’s ______experiment, F1 offspring plants received one ______gene and one ______gene from the parent plants. Therefore, all offspring contained ______alleles, a short allele and a tall allele. When both alleles for a trait are present, the plant is said to be a ______for that trait. Today, we call hybrid alleles ______. Fill in the above and below pictures.</p><p>Although the offspring both have a tall and short allele, only the tall allele is expressed and is therefore dominant over short.</p><p>Mendel observed a variety of ______alleles in pea plants other than the tall allele. For instance, hybrid plants for seed color always have ______seeds.</p><p>Law of Independent Assortment</p><p>Mendel’s second law, the Law of Independent Assortment, states that each pair of genes separate ______of each other in the production of </p><p>______cells. For instance, consider an example of the following gene pairs: Mr. Chapman Biology 30 Genetics & Gregor Mendel</p><p> According to Mendels’ Law of Independent Assortment, the gene pairs will </p><p> separate during the formation of ______or ______cells. The </p><p> plant will donate one ______from each pair. The plant will donate </p><p> either a yellow or green seed allele, either a yellow or green pod allele, and a </p><p> wrinkled or a round seed allele. It will always donate a wrinkled pod shape. </p><p>The donation of one allele from each pair is ______of any </p><p> other pair. For example, if the plant donates the yellow seed allele it does </p><p>______mean that it will also donate the yellow pod allele.</p>