<p>Summary for Chapter 8 – Energy Balance and Body Composition</p><p>When the energy consumed equals the energy expended, a person is in energy balance and body weight is stable. If more energy is taken in than is expended, a person gains weight. If more energy is expended than is taken in, a person loses weight.</p><p>A mixture of signals governs a person’s eating behaviors. Hunger and appetite initiate eating, whereas satiation and satiety stop and delay eating, respectively. Each responds to messages from the nervous and hormonal systems. Superimposed on these signals are complex factors involving emotions, habits, and other aspects of human behavior.</p><p>A person in energy balance takes in energy from food and expends much of it on basal metabolic activities, some of it on physical activities, and a little on the thermic effect of food. Because energy requirements vary from person to person, such factors as gender, age, weight, and height as well as the intensity and duration of physical activity must be considered when estimating energy requirements.</p><p>Current standards for body weight are based on a person’s weight in relation to height, called the body mass index (BMI), and reflect disease risks. To its disadvantage, BMI does not reflect body fat, and it may misclassify very muscular people as overweight.</p><p>The ideal amount of body fat varies from person to person, but researchers have found that body fat in excess of 22 percent for young men and 32 percent for young women (the levels rise slightly with age) poses health risks. Central obesity, in which excess abdominal fat is distributed around the trunk of the body, presents greater health risks than excess fat distributed on the lower body.</p><p>The weight appropriate for an individual depends largely on factors specific to that individual, including body fat distribution, family health history, and current health status. At the extremes, both overweight and underweight carry clear risks to health.</p>