<p>Section 23.1</p><p>1. What evolves organisms, or populations?</p><p>2. What consistently improves the match between organisms and their </p><p> environment?</p><p>3. Who wrote the first paper on inheritance?</p><p>4. Discrete characteristics are usually determined by how many gene loci?</p><p>5. What is a translocation of a gene?</p><p>6. What are the 3 main mechanisms that can cause allele frequency to </p><p> change?</p><p>7. Clines in a population usually result from ______.</p><p>8. Chromosomal changes that ______, ______, or ______many loci </p><p> at once are usually harmful.</p><p>9. In a multicellular organism where does the mutation have to occur to be past on to the offspring?</p><p>10.What is a change of as little as one base in a gene?</p><p>11.What are the two ways to measure genetic variation?</p><p>12.Sexual reproduction can result in ______as existing genes </p><p> are arranged in new ways.</p><p>13.What is the name of the book that provided abundant evidence that life on </p><p>Earth has evolved over time and proposed natural selection as the primary </p><p> mechanism for that change?</p><p>14.What is a locus?</p><p>15.Are mutation rates low or high in plants and animals? </p><p>16.What is microevolution?</p><p>17.What is genetic variation? 18.What is average heterozygosity?</p><p>19.What is geographic variation? </p><p>20.What is a cline?</p><p>Section 23.2 </p><p>1. What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?</p><p>2. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?</p><p>3. What does p2 represent?</p><p>4. What is p?</p><p>5. What does q2 represent?</p><p>6. What is q?</p><p>7. What is 2pq?</p><p>8. Is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium common in natural populations?</p><p>9. If p=0.2, what does q= ? 10.If q=0.9, what does p= ?</p><p>11.If only one allele exists for a particular locus in a population, that allele is </p><p> said to be _____.</p><p>12.Where is isolation common?</p><p>13.What were the occupations of Hardy and Weinberg?</p><p>14.What year was the Hardy-Weinberg Principle developed? </p><p>15.Each genotype has a distinct _____ in incomplete dominance.</p><p>16.What is a population?</p><p>17.What is a gene pool?</p><p>18.What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?</p><p>Section 23.3</p><p>1. What are some changes that cause a bottleneck effect? 2. What is gene flow?</p><p>3. Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at ______.</p><p>4. What is intersexual selection also called?</p><p>5. Give one effect of genetic drift.</p><p>6. Define genetic drift.</p><p>7. What is the founder effect?</p><p>8. What is the bottleneck effect?</p><p>Section 23.4</p><p>1. Large black bears survived periods of extreme cold better than smaller </p><p> ones, and so became more common. This is an example of...</p><p>2. Birth weights of most humans lie in a narrow range, as those babies who </p><p> are very large or very small have higher mortality. This is an example of...</p><p>3. Does natural selection act more directly on an individual’s phenotype or genotype?</p><p>4. People who carry one sickle cell allele are resistant to malaria. This is an </p><p> example of...</p><p>5. A peacock shows off his tail feathers and competes with other males to </p><p> attract a mate. This is an example of...</p><p>Answers</p><p>Section 23.1 </p><p>1. Populations</p><p>2. Natural Selection</p><p>3. Gregor Mendel </p><p>4. One</p><p>5. When a gene is moved out of or into a DNA sequence. 6. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow</p><p>7. Natural selection </p><p>8. Delete, disrupt, rearrange</p><p>9. A mutation in cell lines that produce gametes.</p><p>10.Point mutation</p><p>11.Gene variability & nucleotide variability </p><p>12.Genetic variation</p><p>13.The Origin of Species</p><p>14.A specific place along the length of a chromosome where a given gene is </p><p> located</p><p>15.Low</p><p>16.Evolutionary change below the species level</p><p>17.Differences among the individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments</p><p>18.The percentage, on average, of a population’s loci that are heterozygous </p><p> in members of the population.</p><p>19.Differences between the gene pools of geographically separate </p><p> populations or population subgroups</p><p>20.A graded change in character along a geographic axis.</p><p>Section 23.2</p><p>1. •No mutations </p><p>•Random mating</p><p>•No natural selection</p><p>•Extremely large population size</p><p>•No gene flow 2. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1</p><p>3. The expected frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype.</p><p>4. The expected frequency of the dominant allele.</p><p>5. The expected frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype.</p><p>6. The expected frequency of the recessive allele.</p><p>7. The expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype.</p><p>8. No</p><p>9. 0.8</p><p>10.0.1</p><p>11.Fixed</p><p>12.Islands</p><p>13.Mathematician & Physician </p><p>14.1908 15.Phenotype</p><p>16.A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and </p><p> interbreed, producing fertile offspring.</p><p>17.The aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every </p><p> individual in a population.</p><p>18.The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population </p><p> remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only </p><p>Mendelain segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.</p><p>Section 23.3</p><p>1. Fire or flood</p><p>2. Transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of </p><p> fertile individuals or their gametes. 3. Random</p><p>4. Mate choice</p><p>5. 1) Genetic drift is significant in small populations</p><p>2) Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random</p><p>3) Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within a population</p><p>4) Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed</p><p>6. A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in </p><p> allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift </p><p> are most pronounced in small populations. </p><p>7. Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a </p><p> larger population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of </p><p> the original population.</p><p>8. Genetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions.</p><p>Section 23.4</p><p>1. Directional selection</p><p>2. Stabilizing selection</p><p>3. Phenotype </p><p>4. Heterozygote advantage </p><p>5. Intrasexual selection</p>