<p> Chapter 17: Reconstruction and the New South (1865-1896)  Section 1: Reconstruction Plans: o Reconstruction Debate: . The ______was saved. Now the challenge was reuniting and rebuilding the ______. The ______states needed to be ______. The Southern economy and society also needed to be rebuilt. Americans ______on how this should happen. The period of rebuilding is called ______. It also refers to the various ______for readmitting the Southern states to the ______. o Lincoln’s Plan: . December 1863, during the ______, Lincoln introduced the ______. When 10% of the ______of a states took an oath of ______to the Union, the state could form a new ______and adopt a new ______that banned ______. Lincoln believed that ______the South would serve no purpose and would only delay healing the torn nation. . Lincoln offered ______(a pardon) to all white ______who were willing to swear ______to the Union. Did not include ______leaders. In 1864, three states under Union occupation (______, Arkansas, and Tennessee) set up governments under the plan, but the ______refused to seat the states’ ______. o The Radicals’ Plan: . Some ______saw Lincoln’s plan too ______. They favored a more ______approach and were called the ______. Radical Republican ______said that Southern institutions “must be broken up and relaid, or all out blood and treasure have been spent in vain.” ______was controlled by the Radical Republicans and voted to deny seats to ______from any state that was readmitted under ______plan. o Wade-Davis Bill: . July 1864: ______passed the Wade-Davis Bill. To rejoin the Union, a ______had to meet several requirements. 1. A ______of the state’s ______males had to swear loyalty to the Union. 2. Only ______males who swore they had not fought against the Union could ______for ______to a state constitutional convention. 3. New state ______had to ban slavery. . The bill would also ban ______from holding public office. o Lincoln’s Response: . ______refuse to sign the ______, but he wanted state ______to form quickly. ______wanted order restored in the ______as soon as possible. Lincoln would have to ______with the Radical Republicans. o The Freedmen’s Bureau: . March 1865: ______and ______set up the Freedmen’s Bureau. The bureau helped ______adjust to ______. It provided food, clothing, and ______. It helped freed people acquire ______or find ______for fair wages. It also helped set up ______and gave aid to new ______institutions of higher learning including Atlanta University, ______, and Fisk University. o April 14th, 1865: . President ______attended a play at Ford’s Theatre in ______. ______entered the private box and ______Lincoln in the head. Lincoln died hours later. Vice-President ______became President. Johnson soon revealed his plan for ______(called Restoration). o Restoration: . ______plan would grant ______to most Southerners once they swore ______to the Union. High-ranking ______could be ______only by appealing to the ______. This showed that Johnson wanted to ______the leaders who he believed had tricked the South’s people into ______. Johnson said only loyal, pardoned whites could ______for delegates to the state constitutional conventions. Johnson stated, “white men alone must manage the south.” ______opposed equal rights for ______. . States had to ______secession and ban ______before entering the Union. States also had to ______the ______(Abolished slavery in the U.S.). By the end of 1865, all form confederate states had new ______and were ready to rejoin the Union, except ______.  Section 2: Radicals in Control: o African Americans’ Rights: . Some whites tried to terrorize ______(burning churches and homes). Many events happened like this and convinced ______that President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not strong enough. Fall 1865: Southern states created new ______based on Johnson’s plan. They also elected new ______to Congress. When the representatives arrived in ______, Congress refused to seat them. o Black Codes: . Early 1866: Southern states passed ______. They were laws to control freed men and women. They allowed ______to exploit ______workers. They also allowed ______to arrest and fine jobless African Americans. They ______African Americans from owning or renting ______. To many, the black codes resembled ______. o Freedmen’s Bureau: . Early 1866: ______passed a bill giving the ______new powers. The Bureau could set up ______and try people charged with violating the rights of ______. African Americans could serve on ______in these courts. Congress passed the ______which granted full citizenship to African Americans. The federal government could also intervene in state affairs to protect their rights. It also overturned the ______and contradicted the 1857 ______. o The Two Bills: . Johnson ______both. Johnson argued that both the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Civil Rights Act were ______because they were approved by a ______that did not include representatives from all the states. ______in Congress had enough votes to ______both vetoes and the bills became ______. Congress and the ______were not working together, Radical Republicans abandoned the idea of ______and drafted their own Reconstruction plan. o The 14th Amendment: . Fearing the ______might be overturned in court, Congress passed the 14th Amendment in 1866 (enacted in 1868). It granted full citizenship to all born in the ______. Most African Americans became full ______. It also gave all ______to African Americans including life, ______, and property. Every citizen was entitled to “equal protection of the laws.” . If a state prevented any adult male citizen from ______, then it could lose representation in Congress. The ______also barred former Confederate leaders from holding office (unless pardoned by Congress). The ______excluded Native Americans. Southern states had to ______the amendment to rejoin the Union. Of the 11 Southern states, only ______ratified it. It did not take effect until 1868. o Republican Victory: . Congressional elections of 1866. President ______campaigned against Radical Republicans. Many ______objected to the nasty tone of Johnson’s campaign. The also feared clashes between whites and ______. The Republicans won a solid victory, and took Reconstruction into their own hands. o Reconstruction Acts of 1867: . ______had no power (overrides). Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act and the Second Reconstruction Act. The 10 Southern ______that didn’t ______the 14th Amendment had new governments created. The 10 states were divided into 5 ______, each run by a military commander. African American men were guaranteed the right to ______. It also banned former Confederate leaders from holding ______. To rejoin the Union, the states had to ratify the 14th Amendment and submit new state constitutions to Congress for ______. Military commanders prepared state constitutional convention. o Readmitting the States: . Many white Southerners refused to ______. 1000s of newly registered ______voters voted. Republicans gained control of Southern state ______. By 1868: 7 states were ______(Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina). . By 1870: Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were ______to the Union. o President Johnson: . Johnson opposed Radical Reconstruction. Johnson used his power of ______of the army to direct the military governors. Congress passed laws to limit the president’s power such as the ______. This act ______the president from removing government officials, including members of his own ______without a ______approval. Conflict between Johnson and the Radicals grew more ______. o Johnson and the Radicals: . August 1867: Congress was not in ______. Johnson ______Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s ______. Congress met again and refused to approve the ______, Johnson removed Stanton from office. This violated the ______. Johnson also appointed people the Radical Republicans ______to command some of the Southern military districts. o Impeaching the President: . Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the ______voted to ______the president. Formally charged him of wrongdoings. 1868: the case went to the ______for a trail that lasted almost 3 months. Both sides made their ______. The senators failed to achieve the ______required for conviction (1 vote). As a result, Johnson stayed in office until the end of 1869. o Election of 1868: . The Republicans nominated ______, the Civil War hero. The Democrats chose ______. Grant won the most of the African American votes in the South and won the ______. This election showed that ______supported the ______approach to Reconstruction. o 15th Amendment: . 1869: Congress passed the ______. Prohibited state and federal ______from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of “______, color, or previous condition of servitude.” African American men won the right to vote in ______. Republicans believed the power of the vote would enable African Americans to protect themselves. This belief was too ______.  Section 3: The South During Reconstruction: o African Americans in Government: . African American ______played an important role in Reconstruct. They contributed to Republican ______in the South. Some African Americans were able to win seats as elected ______. In ______, African Americans held a majority n the lower ______of legislature. In other states, African Americans held important ______, but never in proportion to their numbers. o At the National Level: . ______African Americans served in the House of Representatives (1869-1880). ______African Americans served in the ______(1869-1880). One was ______- an ordained minister. Revels had recruited African Americans for the Union army. He also started a ______for freed African Americans in ______. He also served as chaplain of an African American ______in Mississippi. Revels stayed in Mississippi and was elected to the U.S. ______in 1870. o Blanche K. Bruce: . Was the other African American ______who was also from ______. He was a former escaped ______. He taught in a ______for African Americans in ______. In 1869, he went to Mississippi, entered politics, and was elected to the U.S. ______in 1874. o Scalawags and Carpetbaggers: . Some Southern whites backed the ______. Former Confederates called them ______(scoundrel or worthless rascal). Some Northern whites moved to the ______after the war and supported the ______. Critics called these Northerners ______. Some were ______, but many were reformers who wanted to help the South. Many Southerners accused the Reconstruction governments of ______. o Resistance to Reconstruction: . Most Southerners opposed efforts to expand African Americans’ ______. Most white landowners refused to rent ______to freed people. Store owners refused them ______and employers would not hire them. ______, such as the ______, used fear and violence to deny ______to freed men and women. The ______wore white ______and hoods. o The KKK: . Klan members killed ______of African Americans and their white ______. They wounded many more and burned African American ______, schools, and churches. Many Southerners, especially planters and the ______backed the KKK. They saw ______as a defense against Republican rule. 1870 and 1871- Laws were passes to stop the ______of the Klan, but most Southerners refused to testify against those who attacked African Americans and their white ______. o Education: . During ______, African Americans created their own ______. The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped spread ______. 1870s- Reconstruction governments created ______for both races. Within a few years about 50% of white children and 40% of African American children in the South were ______. Northern missionary societies set up ______. These academies grew into African American ______and universities. ______in Tennessee and Morehouse College in ______are two examples. Only a few states required that schools be ______, but the laws were not ______. o Farming: . Some African Americans purchased ______with the help of the ______. Most were unable to get ______. The most common form of farm work for freed people was ______. A landowner rented a plot of land to a ______. The sharecropper would also receive a crude shack, ______, and tools (also maybe a mule). In return, sharecroppers shared a ______of their ______with the landowners. After paying the landowner, ______often had little left to sell. For many, sharecropping was little better than ______.  Section 4: Change in the South: o Grant’s Administration: . During Grant’s administration, Northerners began losing interest in ______. It was time for the South to solve its own ______. Radical leaders began to disappear from ______. (Thaddeus Stevens died). Southerners felt they knew how to deal with ______. Southerners ______what they called the “bayonet rule.” The use of ______to support Reconstruction ______. o Republican Revolt: . 1870s: Rumors of ______in Grant’s administration and in Reconstruction ______spread. Some Republicans split the ______over the issue of corruption. Another broke away over Reconstruction and called themselves ______. They nominated ______to run against Grant in 1872. ______was reelected. o Amnesty Act: . Pardoned most former ______. Full rights were granted including ______. Most were in the Democratic Party. ______soon gained control of state governments in the South. The ______helped the Democrats take power by terrorizing Republican ______. o Republican Problems: . 1873: A series of political ______came to light. One scandal was with the ______. These scandals damaged the ______administration and the Republicans. Grant and the ______also endured a serve economic ______. Started with the ______when a series of bad railroad investments forced the powerful banking firm of ______and Company to declare ______. o Panic of 1873: . Forced small ______to close and the stock market to plummet. 1000s of businesses shut down. Tens of 1000s of Americans were out of ______. Blame for the hard times fell on the ______. Congressional election of1874: Democrats gained seats in the ______and House of Representatives. This weakened ______commitment to Reconstruction and on protecting African American ______. o Election of 1876: . The Republicans wanted someone beside ______. Republicans wanted to win back ______and unite the party. The Republicans nominated ______, governor of Ohio. Hayes was honest and had moderate views of ______. Democrats nominated ______, governor of New York. ______gained fame by fighting corruption in New York City. . ______looked like the winner (250,000 more votes). ______states had disputed results and kept the ______in doubt. ______had 184 electoral votes. He was ______vote short of winning. ______needed all of 20 of the disputed votes to win. A ______was set up to decide and they voted 8 to 7 to award all 20 votes to ______. o Compromise of 1877: . ______in Congress threatened to fight the decision. Republicans and Southern Democrats reportedly met in secret to work out an ______. March 2, 1877: Hayes was declared the ______. The ______said the new government would give more ______to the South and that the Republicans would withdraw all remaining ______from Southern states. The ______promised to maintain African American rights. o A New Policy: . In his Inaugural Address, ______declared that what the South need most was…The restoration of “wise, ______, and peaceful local self-government.” Hayes deiced to let the Southerners handle ______issues. The federal government would no longer attempt to reshape ______. Reconstruction was ______. o Democrats in Control: . Large landowning Democrats took ______, but also merchants, ______, and other business leaders who supported economic ______. They called themselves “______.” They redeemed the South from Republican rule. They adopted conservative ______(lower taxes and reduced government spending). They cut services from ______(Including public education). These ______dominated Southern politics into the 1990s. o Rise of the New South: . Southerners looked to develop a strong industrial economy. This “New South” would have ______based on the region’s abundant coal, ______, tobacco, cotton, and lumber. Textile and ______sprang up across the South. ______grew because there was a cheap and reliable workforce. ______put in long hours for low wages. The ______was rebuilt and double in 10 years. ______remained the South’s main economic activity. o Rural Economy: . Supporters of the New South wanted to have the small ______raise a variety of crops rather than ______, but most went to unprofitable ______. ______caused problems for poor farmers. To repay ______, farmers grew cash crops. The main cash crop was ______. Too much cotton was produced and prices ______. o A Divided Society: . Dreams of justice faded for African Americans when Reconstruction faded. The ______prohibited states from denying the right to vote because of ______. Southerners found a way to get around this ______. Southerners required a ______(many African Americans and poor whites couldn’t vote) Another approach was to make prospective ______take a ______(Had to read difficult parts of the Constitution). ______also kept some whites from voting so some states passed ______. If your father or grandfather voted, it gave you the right to vote. These ______and threat of violence caused African American voting to decline drastically. o Jim Crow Laws: . By 1890s ______was a common feature of the ______. The South passed ______that required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place. 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson Segregation was ______as long as it was ______. The facilities were in no way equal. White ______rose including ______. o Reconstructions Impact: . Reconstruction was a success and a ______. It helped the South ______its economy, but most of the South remained ______and poor. African Americans gained greater ______, created their own institutions, and shared in government with ______. Their advancements did not last. Civil rights leader ______said “The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun: then moved back again toward slavery.”</p>