<p>Biology 2121 – Muscle Tissue – Chapter 9 – Objectives/Review </p><p>Vocabulary:  Insertion and origin; aponeurosis; tendon; ligament; glycosomes; sarcolemma; sarcoplasma; titin; dystrophin; acetylcholine; acetylchoinesterase; depolarization; refractory period; rigor mortis; myogram; tetanus; isometric and =isotonic; lactic acid; peristalsis; varicosities; caveolae; calmodulin; myosin; actin; epimysium; perimysium; endomysium; tropomyosin; troponin </p><p>1. Know the (4) main muscle functions. 2. Know the (4) functional characteristics of muscle. 3. Know the characteristics of the following:  Skeletal muscle tissue  Smooth muscle tissue  Cardiac muscle tissue 4. Know the organizational levels of skeletal muscle 5. Know the characteristics, functions and locations of the following connective tissue sheaths  Endomysium  Perimysium  Epimysium 6. Compare the functions, structure and locations of tendons and aponeurosis. 7. Distinguish between direct and indirect attachments. 8. Distinguish between superficial fascia and deep fascia. 9. Know that the PNS supplies nerve fibers to muscles for contractions. 10. Know how the muscles are supplied with blood. 11. Know the following structures- characteristics and the functions of each structure:  Sarcolemma  Sarcoplasma  Myofibrils  Sarcomeres  Myofilaments 12. Know that a sarcomere is found between two Z-discs. 13. Compare the thick and thin areas of the mofilaments that cause striations to be formed.  Z-discs; I and A bands, etc. 14. Distinguish between the following muscle proteins. Know their functions and examples of each.  Contractile  Regulatory  Structural 15. Distinguish between myosin and actin. 16. Distinguish between tropomyosin and troponin. 17. Know the function of elastic filaments. 18. Know the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubules and the triad. 19. Know how muscles contract. Sliding filament model. 20. Know the events that take place at the neuromuscular junction.  Nerve impulse  Role of calcium in the axon.  Release of the neurotransmitter  Neurotransmitter binding on the muscle plate.  Roles of Ach and AChE  Generation of an Action Potential 21. Know the following about an Action Potential.  Polarized, Depolarized and Repolarized membranes  Role of ions (sodium and potassium)  How an action potential is formed 22. Know the events of excitation-contraction coupling 23. Know the role of calcium ions (from SR) concerning troponin and tropomyosin proteins on actin. 24. Formation of a cross-bridge 25. Know the role of ATP in muscular contractions. 26. Know the function of a muscle motor unit. 27. Know the function of a myogram.  Identify the latent, contraction and relaxation periods 28. Compare a twitch to the following  Wave summation, unfused and fused tetanus 29. Know how treppe is formed. 30. Know that muscle contractions must achieve threshold stimulus before contractions may occur. 31. Know why muscle tone is important and how it is formed. 32. Compare isotonic and isometric contractions. 33. Distinguish between Aerobic, Anaerobic respiration. 34. Know how Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by Creatine Phosphate works. 35. Distinguish between the following fiber types. Speed of contraction; pathway for ATP synthesis, Myoglobin content; glycogen stores; rate of fatigue.  Slow and Fast Oxidative fibers  Fast Glycolytic fibers  Red vs White, etc. 36. Compare smooth to skeletal muscle tissue:  Histology and microscopic  Peristalsis  Varicosities  Caveolae  Location  Regulation of contractions  Speed of contraction  Rhythmic contractions  Respiration </p>