<p>CAHSEE Grammar/Usage Cheat Sheet</p><p>Sample Walking and to jog and to cycle are activities many people can enjoy. A To walk, and jogging and cycle B To walk, to jog, and cycling C Walking, jogging, and cycling D Leave as is. Problem: Parallel structure</p><p>Sample While Sara visited with Sam: she finished her science project. A with Sam. She finished B with Sam; she finished C with Sam, she finished D Leave as is.</p><p>Problem: Independent and dependent clauses—how to punctuation</p><p>Sample My sister a high school freshman, is trying out for the school play. </p><p>A sister, a high school freshman,</p><p>B sister: a high school freshman</p><p>C sister a high school freshman </p><p>D Leave as is.</p><p>Problen: Appositives—how to punctuate</p><p>Sample We’re sorry to bother you, but we need to ask you a question. </p><p>A sorry, to bother you but we need </p><p>B sorry to bother you, but, we need </p><p>C sorry to bother you but we need </p><p>D Leave as is.</p><p>Problem: Connecting 2 independent clauses with a conjunction—how to punctuate Sample </p><p>Tam left the decision up to ______. A we B us C she D they</p><p>Problem: Objective pronoun v. subjective pronoun</p><p>Sample Akia told us about her safari across the plains of East Africa in our geography class. A In our geography class, Akia told us about her safari across the plains of East Africa. B Akia told us about her safari in our geography class across the plains of East Africa. C In our geography class Akia told about her safari across the plains of East Africa to us. D Leave as is.</p><p>Problem: Misplaced modifier</p><p>Sample </p><p>Walking and to jog and to cycle are activities many people can enjoy. </p><p>A To walk, and jogging and cycle B To walk, to jog, and cycling C Walking, jogging, and cycling D Leave as is.</p><p>Problem: Parallel structure CAHSEE Cheat Sheet cont.</p><p>Phrase—not a sentence, does not contain a subject and a verb</p><p>Ex. Prepositional phrase On the chair</p><p>Clauses—independent and dependent</p><p>Independent clause—subject and verb, can stand alone as a sentence Dependent clause—subject and verb, cannot stand alone as a sentence</p><p>Ex. I go to bed early. (independent)</p><p>Ex. When I go to bed early. (dependent)</p><p>I v. Me</p><p>I = we—subject of sentence (doing the action) me=us—object of sentence (being acted upon)</p><p>John and Steve went to the store. We went to the store John and I went to the store.</p><p>Dad asked John and Steve to go to the store Dad asked us to go to the store. Dad asked John and me to go to the store.</p><p>Subjective v. Objective Pronouns</p><p>We, she, he, they—subject of a sentence Us, her, him, them—object of a sentence</p><p>We love them. v. Us love they.</p><p>Misplaced modifiers—causes confusion, awkwardness</p><p>Example from above: Where did the safari take place? When did the safari take place? Where did Akia talk about her safari experience? Use of semi-colon—( ; )</p><p>Separate 2 independent, related clauses—no conjunction</p><p>Gerund</p><p>A verb ending in ing used as a noun, subject of a sentence</p><p>Cooking can be a social activity. Swimming is my favorite form of exercise.</p><p>Subordinate Clauses</p><p>After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad</p><p>After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb.</p><p>Once Adam smashed the spider</p><p>Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb.</p><p>Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee</p><p>Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb.</p><p>Who ate handfuls of Cheerios with his bare hands</p><p>Who = relative pronoun; Who = subject; ate = verb</p><p>Subordinate + Main clause—separate with comma</p><p>Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese, Emily refused to eat it.</p><p>Unless Christine finishes her calculus homework, she will have to suffer Mr. Nguyen's wrath in class tomorrow.</p><p>While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television, Samson, the family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table. Main + Subordinate—no comma</p><p>Tanya did poorly on her history exam Ø because her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before.</p><p>Jonathon spent his class time reading comic books Ø since his average was a 45 one week before final exams.</p><p>Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard Ø where the sun blazed the longest during the day.</p>