Table 2. Summary of 1H-MRS Findings in Alzheimer's Disease

[email protected]Study MR Protocol Salient FindingsMiller et al (1993) 1.5T STEAM Parietal Cortex:Te = 30 1. NAA/Cr  5% in AD2. MI/Cr  11% in ADOccipital Cortex:1. NAA/Cr  11% in AD2. MI/Cr  22% in ADMoats et al (1994) 1.5T STEAM 1. NAA  11% in ADVarious Te 2. MI  50% in AD3. No Cho changes in ADMeyerhoff et al 2T CSI PRESS 1. NAA/Cr  12% in WM only(1994) Te = 272 2. Chol/Cr  23% GM onlyFollow up in posterior parietal area showed: 1. 30%  Chol/Cr in mesial GM 2. 27%  Chol/Cr in lateral WM [email protected]Mohankrishnan et Post-mortem 1. NAA depletion correlated with AD pathology al (1995) in vitroShonk et al (1995) 1.5T STEAM 1. AD, FTD, OD 10% in NAA/Cr Te = 30 2. AD & FTD 15% in MI/Cr3. No Cho/Cr differences4. MRS discrimination of AD from:. Controls: Positive Predictive Value: 98%. Other Dementias: Positive Predictive Value:74%; Negative Predictive Value: 80%Parnetti et al 1.5T STEAM 1. AD and AAMI NAA  12%(1996) Te = 20 2. AD MI  22%; AAMI ns increase.3. No group Cho or Cr differences. Parnetti et al 1.5T STEAM 1. AD  NAA in GM (15%) and WM (8%)(1997) Te = 35 2. AD  MI 18% in grey matter only.3. NAA/MI 100% discrimination of AD 4. Frontal WM MI & AD duration r= 0.70Heun et al (1997) 1.5T PRESS 1. AD 16%  in NAA in WMTe = 136 [email protected]2. No MI differences.3. NAA/Cho associated with Blessed Dementia rating (r=-0.69) and MMSE (r=0.82)Satlin et al (1997) 1.5T STEAM 1. Six-month placebo control trial of xanomelineTe = 272 2. Repeat spectra found Cho/Cr decrease of about 20% compared to baseline in medication subjects only.Doraiswamy et al 1.5T CSI 1. Baseline MI/NAA strongly negatively(1998) correlated to MMSE score 12 months later (r=-0.70).Rose et al (1999) 2T VOSY 1. Same day test-retest correlation of metabolite ratios was high. Te = 302. Longitudinal test-retest correlation of metabolite ratios was high for all ratios exceptCho/Cr (r=0.50).3. AD patients has significantly  NAA (15%) and  MI (18%).4. NAA/MI highly correlated with MMSE(r=0.8).Pfefferbaum et al 1.5T CSI 1. Gray matter NAA  in AD after controlling(1999)Table 2 continued over page… [email protected] for brain volume.2. Gray matter Cho  in AD.3. Higher Cho related to lower face-recognition scores (r= -0.7); higher Cr related to lower word recognition scores (r= -0.67).Rai et al (1999) 1.0T STEAM 1. Lower field strength MR scanners can alsoTe = 30 replicate abnormal MI/Cr elevation in AD2. Distribution of MI/Cr showed almost no overlap between AD and MID patientsKantarci et al 1.5T PRESS 1. Three VOI: medial occipital, posterior(2000) cingulate (PC) and left superior temporal lobe Te= 135 & 30 (STL).2. AD  NAA in STL and PC compared to MCI or Controls3. PC MI  in MCI and AD compared to controls [email protected]Jessen et al (2000) PRESS 1. AD medial temporal lobe (MTL) VOI showed NAA compared to controls and compared to Te=272 within-individual primary motor cortex(PMC).2. No Cho changes in medial temporal lobe.3. NAA change (MTL/PMC) predicted MMSE and ADAScog scores (r=-0.54)Haley et al (2000) 1.5T STEAM 1. No NAA or Cho changes in hippocampus ofAD patients Te = 102. MI  in hippocampus 20%Table 2. Summary of 1H-MRS findings in Alzheimer's disease.All studies utilized the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for AD diagnosis. Te = Echo time (msec). Groups: AD= Alzheimer's disease, AAMI= Age Associated Memory Impairment, MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment, FTD= Fronto-temporal Dementia, MID = Multi Infarct Dementia, OD = Other Dementias, C= Controls, GM= Grey matter, WM= White Matter. ADAScog = Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale.

Table 2. Summary of 1H-MRS Findings in Alzheimer's Disease

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