<p>Name: ______Introduction to Psychology Date: ______Mr. LaBrache</p><p>Psychology and Personality Theories and Perspectives on Personality Formation and Analysis</p><p>I. Approaches to Personality</p><p>A. The Trait Approach</p><p>A.1.Psychologists: Hans Eysenck</p><p>A.2.General idea of why people behave differently</p><p>A.3.Describe peoples’ personalities by specifying their main ______(traits).</p><p>A.4.These traits are inborn and ______</p><p>B. Personal Construct Theory of Personality</p><p>B.1.Psychologists: George Kelly</p><p>B.2.Constructs (ideas of the world) are flexible</p><p>B.3.______are templates that people fit over the world and they try to predict what is to come.</p><p>B.3.a. When prediction is wrong, they adjust the construct</p><p>B.4.People form personality based on the meaning that they get from the ______around them and they can choose and develop different meanings.</p><p>C. Challenges to Trait Theory</p><p>C.1.Focuses on Traits and not ______</p><p>C.1.a. There is little link to ______factors</p><p>C.1.b. Does not really explain the origin of traits</p><p>C.1.c. Does not focus on how undesirable traits can be changed</p><p>C.2.Person-Situation Controversy</p><p>C.2.a. Trait Psychologists – people have ______personalities that guide their actions through scenarios</p><p>C.2.b. Situationists – people change from situation to situation and cannot be put into one personality trait</p><p>D. The Psychoanalytic Approach</p><p>D.1.Psychologist: Sigmund Freud D.2.Id</p><p>D.2.a. Exists entirely in the unconscious</p><p>D.2.b. Hidden wants and desires</p><p>D.2.c. ______Principle</p><p>D.2.d. Avoid pain and receive instant gratification</p><p>D.3.Ego</p><p>D.3.a. Develops after Id</p><p>D.3.b. ______Principle</p><p>D.3.c. Negotiates between the Id and the environment</p><p>D.3.d. It is what everyone sees as our personality.</p><p>D.4.SuperEgo</p><p>D.4.a. Develops last at about the age of 5</p><p>D.4.b. Our ______</p><p>D.4.c. The Ego often mediates between the superego and Id.</p><p>D.5.Oedipus Complex</p><p>D.5.a. Boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for father</p><p>D.5.b. Electra complex: girl’s desire for her father</p><p>D.6.Defense Mechanisms</p><p>D.6.a. Protect you from threatening thoughts in our unconscious</p><p>D.6.b. One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms</p><p>D.6.c. You are usually unaware that they are even occurring</p><p>D.7.Repression</p><p>D.7.a. Pushing thoughts into our ______</p><p>D.7.b. When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who? I have not thought about her for a while.”</p><p>D.8.Denial</p><p>D.8.a. Not accepting the ego-threatening truth</p><p>D.8.b. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine</p><p>D.9.Displacement D.9.a. Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object</p><p>D.9.b. Often displaced on ______threatening things.</p><p>D.9.c. Brandon may take his anger on another kid by bullying</p><p>D.10. Projection</p><p>D.10.a. Putting our own “crap” onto others</p><p>D.10.b. Brandon insists that Jasmine is controlling even though he is the controlling one</p><p>D.11. Reaction Formation</p><p>D.11.a. Expressing the ______of how one truly feels</p><p>D.11.b. Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development</p><p>D.11.c. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine</p><p>D.12. Regression</p><p>D.12.a. Returning to an earlier, ______form of behavior</p><p>D.12.b. Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal</p><p>D.13. Rationalization</p><p>D.13.a. Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome</p><p>D.13.b. Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend.</p><p>D.14. Sublimation</p><p>D.14.a. Channeling one’s frustration toward a different ______</p><p>D.14.b. Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).</p><p>D.15. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)</p><p>D.15.a. Psychologist: Henry A. Murray</p><p>D.15.b. Subject compose a narrative based off an image</p><p>D.15.c. It will reveal the subjects view of the social world, as well as their motives and concerns</p><p>D.15.d. So involved with the story that they will not realize that they have let their “guard down” and divulge valuable information</p><p>E. The Humanistic Approach E.1.Psychologists: Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers</p><p>E.2.Personality is formed by free choice and action</p><p>E.3.Maslow: people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs</p><p>E.4.Before reach “self-actualization” must work their way through the pyramid</p><p>E.5.There is a freedom of choice in the quest to reach the top</p><p>F. The Learning Approach</p><p>F.1. Behaviorism</p><p>F.1.a. Psychologists: John Watson & B.F. Skinner</p><p>F.1.b. No traits nor inner conflict form personality, rather, external forces/influences</p><p>F.1.c. Reinforcement the real influence on behavior</p><p>F.1.d. Personality is formed by free choice and action</p><p>F.1.e. Through socialization people learn socially desirable behaviors and then adopt them as part of personalities</p><p>F.2. Social-Learning</p><p>F.2.a. Psychologists: Albert Bandura</p><p>F.2.b. Learning through observation</p><p>F.2.c. Don’t need to “experience” all learning, but can learn by watching and “modeling” other people</p>