<p>*T-Notes First Aid Chapters (Final Review)</p><p>Ch 8 – Bleeding 1. Care for external bleeding (in order) (pg 161) a. Check scene, victim b. Obtain consent c. Cover w/ sterile dressing and apply direct pressure until bleeding stops d. Cover w/ bandage e. If bleeding does not stop- apply additional dressings, continue pressure, never remove soaked dressings(interferes w/clotting) f. Minimize shock, check ABC’s g. Call 9-1-1</p><p>2. Signs of severe internal bleeding (pg 161) a. Soft tissue tender to touch g. swelling, tenderness or rigidity b. anxiety or restlessness h. rapid, weak, pulse c. rapid breathing, shortness breath i. cool, moist, pale, ashen, blue skin d. nausea, vomiting, coughing up blood e. abdominal pain j. excessive thirst f. decreased level of consciousness k. severe headache</p><p>3. Care for minor internal bleeding (bruise on arm) (pg 161) Ice or chemical cold pack</p><p>Ch 9 – Shock 1. What are the signals of Shock? (pg 171) a. Restlessness or irritability e. altered consciousness b. pale or ashen, bluish, cool or moist skin c. rapid breathing f. rapid and weak pulse d. excessive thirst g. nausea or vomiting</p><p>2. What is the care for shock? (pg 172) a. Check the scene for safety, then the victim b. Care for conditions you find c. Help victim rest comfortably – pain can intensify body’s stress and accelerate the progression of shock d. Keep victim from getting chilled or overheated e. Watch for changes in victims level of conscious, breathing rate and skin appearance f. Elevate legs about 12 inches to help blood circulate to vital organs g. Do not elevate legs if – victim is nauseated or having trouble breathing -suspect head, neck, or back injury or broken bones involving hips or legs -moving causes pain or unsure of victims condition – leave victim flat DO NOT give anything to eat or drink Ch. 10 – Soft Tissue Injuries 1. Care for burns: eyes and body (pg 191-92) a. Check the scene for safety b. Stop burning by removing the victim from the source of the burn c. Check for life-threatening conditions d. Cool the burn with large amounts of cold running water e. Cover the burn loosely w/ a sterile dressing f. Prevent infection g. Take steps to minimize shock h. Keep victim from getting chilled or overheated i. Comfort and reassure the victim</p><p>2. Care for chemical burns (pg 193) a. Remove the chemical from the body as quickly as possible b. Call 9-1-1 c. Flush the burn w/large amounts of cool, running water for 20 min or until EMS personnel arrives d. Dry or powder chemical – brush chemical from skin w/ glove or cloth then flush w/ large amounts of running water e. Remove any contaminated clothing</p><p>3. What burn affects the heart? - (pg 193) a. electrical – may make heart beat erratically b. heart or breathing may stop</p><p>4. What is radiation? (pg 196) a. Solar radiations of the sun are similar to heat burns </p><p>5. How does the infection tetanus get into the body? (pg 197-98) a. Through open cuts or injuries that are left untreated</p><p>Ch 11 – Musculoskeletal Injuries 1. What does R.I.C.E. stand for? (pg 218) a. Rest b. Immobilization c. Cold d. Elevate</p><p>2. When do you not elevate a musculoskeletal injury? (pg 219) a. suspect fracture or dislocation; unless it has been immobilized b. causes too much pain</p><p>3. Where do you splint an injury? (pg 219) a. above and below the injury site 4. What are the 4 basic principles of splinting? (pg 219) a. splint only if you have to move the injured person; do so w/out causing more pain or discomfort b. splint an injury in position in which you find it; do not move, straighten or bend c. splint injured area and joints or bones above and below injury site d. check for proper circulation (feeling, warmth, color) before and after splinting</p><p>5. What is an open fracture? Why are they more serious than a closed fracture? (pg 212) a. injury breaks the skin b. more serious due to risk of infection</p><p>Ch 12 – Injuries to Extremities 1. How do you apply a rigid splint? (pg 227) a. Support injured area in position you find it b. Cover any open wounds w/ dressings, apply direct pressure c. Check area below injury site for feeling, warmth, and color d. Apply splint to immobilize joints or bones above and below injured area e. Secure splint in place ; avoid securing splint directly over an open wound or injury f. Recheck below the injury site for feeling, warmth, and color g. Elevate the splinted part if doing so does not cause the victim discomfort</p><p>2. What is the care given for ankle and foot injuries? (pg 239) a. Support injured area and controlling any external bleeding b. Immobilize the ankle and foot by using a soft splint – pillow or rolled blanket c. Check toes for feeling, warmth, and color before and after splinting d. Wrap injured area w/ soft splint and secure it e. Elevate the injured ankle or foot to help reduce swelling f. Apply ice pack</p><p>3. What is the care for shoulder injury? (pg 230) a. Hold injured arm in most comfortable position b. Splint in place c. Check for feeling, warmth, and color before and after splinting d. Place in a sling and bind it to the chest </p><p>Ch 13 – Injuries to the Head, Neck, and Back 1. What are the signals of head, neck, back injuries? (pg 257) a. Changes in level of consciousness b. Severe pain or pressure in head, neck, back c. Tingling or loss of sensation in extremities d. Partial/complete loss of movement of any body part e. Unusual bumps or depressions on head or neck f. Sudden loss of memory g. Blood or other fluids in ears, nose h. Profuse external bleeding i. Seizures in a person who does not have seizures j. Impaired breathing or vision as a result of injury k. Nausea or vomiting l. Persistent headache m. Loss of balance</p><p>2. How to perform in-line stabilization (manual stabilization)? (pg 258) a. Place hands on both sides of victim’s head b. Gently hold person’s head, in the position in which you found it and support it in that position until EMS personnel arrive c. Try to keep person from moving lower body, since movement will change position of head and neck d. Keeping head in position you find it helps prevent further damage to spinal cord e. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO ALIGN THE HEAD AND LOWER BODY f. If the head is sharply turned to one side- DO NOT MOVE IT</p><p>3. What is the head position for an unconscious victim when performing in-line stabilization? (pg 258) a. in a straight line</p><p>4. Scalp wound care? (pg 260) a. Minor or severe b. Minor lacerations bleed heavily; if so control bleeding w/direct pressure c. Apply several dressings d. Press gently e. Secure bandage f. Call 9-1-1 </p><p>5. What is the care given for head, neck, and back injuries? (pg 257) a. Minimize movement of head, neck, and back – too much can damage spinal cord b. Manual stabilization to immobilize the head c. Check for life-threatening conditions d. Monitor consciousness and breathing e. Control any external bleeding w/ direct pressure unless bleeding is located directly over a suspected fracture f. Maintain normal body temperature 6. When not to move the victim’s head? (pg 258) a. If you find the victim w/ head turned to one side b. Pain or pressure or victim resists</p><p>Ch 14 – Injuries to Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis 1. Steps to Care for injury to abdomen, chest, and pelvis? (pg 272) a. call 9-1-1 b. limit movement c. monitor breathing and signs of life d. control bleeding e. minimize shock</p><p>2. What is the leading cause of trauma deaths? (pg 272) a. chest injuries</p><p>3. What are the signals of chest injuries? (pg 274) a. trouble breathing b. severe pain at the site of injury c. flushed, pale, ashen, or bluish skin d. obvious deformity e. coughing up blood f. bruising at site of a blunt injury g. a ‘sucking’ noise or distinct sound when victim breathes</p><p>4. What is the general care for puncture wounds? (pg 275) a. for a sucking chest wound – cover w/large occlusive dressing that does not allow air to pass through it (plastic wrap or bag) b. tape dressing in place except for one side to allow air to escape when victim exhales c. call 9-1-1 d. take steps to minimize shock</p><p>5. What is the general care for pelvic injuries? (pg 278-79) a. do not move victim unless necessary b. if possible, keep victim lying flat otherwise help them into a comfortable position c. control external bleeding d. cover any protruding organs e. call 9-1-1</p><p>Ch 15 - Sudden Illness 1. Difference between hyper and hypo glycemia (pg 289) a. hyper – insulin level is too low; sugar level is too high b. hypo – sugar level is too low; insulin level is too high 2. Care for a seizure that lasts a couple of minutes (pg 293) a. do not try to stop the seizure b. do not hold or restrain the person – causes musculoskeletal injuries</p><p>3. Things to do when caring for someone after they have had a seizure? (pg 293) a. check for life threatening conditions b. check for non-life threatening conditions - see if they’ve been injured c. be reassuring and comforting d. if in a public area – provide privacy for victim</p><p>4. What is the basic care for a conscious victim w/a diabetic emergency? (pg 292) a. check for life threatening conditions b. if conscious – check for non-life threatening conditions c. look for medic alert tag d. give sugars, fruit juice e. monitor for improvement f. call 9-1-1 </p><p>5. Sudden signs of a stroke and TIA (transient ischemic attack) (pg 294) a. looking or feeling ill or displaying abnormal behavior b. sudden weakness and numbness in the face, arm, legs c. usually weakness/numbness occur only on one side of the body d. difficulty talking or being understood when speaking e. vision may be blurred or dimmed; pupils may be unequal size f. severe headache, dizziness, confusion or change in mood, ringing in ears g. drooling, become unconscious, lose bowel or bladder control</p><p>6. What risk factors can you control for prevention of a stroke? (pg 295) a. Control your blood pressure. b. Do not smoke. c. Eat a healthy diet. d. Exercise regularly. e. Control diabetes.</p><p>Ch 16 – Poisoning 1. Care for poisoning (pg 307) a. Check scene and victim b. Remove person from source of poison c. Check for life threatening conditions (if so call 9-1-1) d. If conscious ask what they took, how long ago e. Look for any containers and call Poison Control (800-222-1222) f. Be careful, people on substances could get feisty; if they do call 9-1-1 2. When do you encourage someone to vomit if a poison is injested? (pg 308) a. only when a doctor tells you to</p><p>Ch 17 – Bites and Stings 1. Signals of a bite or stings (pg 320) a. bite or sting mark at point of injection (entry site) b. check for stinger c. redness at or around the entry site d. swelling at or around the entry site e. pain or tenderness at or around entry site</p><p>2. Care for bee stings (pg 321) a. Remove stinger; scrape w/credit card, or finger nail. b. Wash wound and cover wound. c. Apply cold pack. d. Watch for signs of allergic reaction. e. Take steps to minimize shock.</p><p>3. Care for embedded tick (pg 321) a. Remove w/tweezers. b. Wash area w/soap and warm water. c. Apply antiseptic or triple antibiotic ointment to wound. d. Watch for signs of infection. e. Get medical attention if necessary.</p><p>Ch 18 – Substance Misuse and Abuse 1. What kind of care do you give for substance abuse and misuse? (pg 343) a. Check scene to be sure it is safe. Do not approach victim if he/she is behaving in a threatening manner. b. Call 9-1-1. c. Check for life threatening conditions. d. Care for any conditions you find.</p><p>2. What are the signals of substance abuse/misuse? (pg 343) a. moist or flushed skin b. sweating or chills c. vomiting d. rapid pulse and chest pain</p><p>3. What might make it difficult when treating someone who may have abused a substance? (pg 343) a. person may become aggressive and uncooperative b. give care only if you feel the person is not a danger to you and others</p><p>4. In treating a possible overdose, it should be treated similar to what other emergency? (pg 343) a. Diabetic Emergency</p><p>Ch 19 – Heat and Cold Related Emergencies 1. What are the signals of Heat Exhaustion? (pg 356) a. cool, moist skin, b. flushed or ashen skin c. weakness d. heavy sweating</p><p>2. What happens if you rub an affected area that has frostbite? (pg 358) a. ice crystals on the brittle surface could swell and damage underlying tissues</p><p>3. What happens if you warm a person with hypothermia too quickly? (pg 359) a. could interrupt heart rhythms</p><p>4. What is the first step in treating an elderly person suffering from heat exhaustion? (pg 361) a. remove victim from hot environment</p><p>5. What is the care for a heat related emergency? (pg 361) a. Call 9-1-1 if consciousness changes b. Remove person from heat c. Cool down the person d. Be prepared to perform CPR e. Reduce shock</p><p>Ch 20 – Reaching and Moving Victims in the Water 1. What are the steps for caring for specific immobilization techniques? (pg 381) a. Hip/shoulder support – (stabilize head, neck, back injuries) 1. Slide one arm under victim’s shoulders and the other arm under the hip bones 2. support victim’s body horizontally, keeping face clear of water b. Head splint- (better stabilization than hip/shoulder support) use if victim is face-down at or near the surface of the water. 1. Approach from side 2. Gently move victim’s arms up alongside head by grasping Victim’s arms midway between shoulder and elbow 3. Grasp victim’s right arm w/your right hand; left w/left 4. Squeeze victim’s arms against his/her head (keeps head in line w/body) 5. w/your body at shoulder depth, glide victim slowly forward 6. Continue slowly and rotate until victim is face up; pushing victim’s arm closest to you under water and pulling other arm across. 7. Position victim’s head in crook of arm w/head in line w/body. 8. Maintain this position until help arrives.</p><p>Ch 21 – People with Special Needs 1. What are the steps for caring for elderly people with a heat related illness? (pg 395) a. Take temperature b. If above normal; Call 9-1-1 c. Slowly cool the victim w/lukewarm sponge bath d. If hot to the touch, unable to speak, unconscious – Call 9-1-1 immediately e. Remove from hot environment; do not try to quickly cool person w/cold water or in front of fan or air conditioner because it could cause hypothermia (body is unable to regulate temperature effectively)</p><p>Ch 22 – Childbirth 1. What are the stages of labor? (pg 405) a. Preparation b. Delivery of newborn c. Delivery of placenta </p><p>Ch 23 – Delayed Help Situations 1. What are three general types of preparation for a delayed-help emergency? (pg 427) a. Knowledge – learning about emergency care resources available and how to access them. b. Skills – proficiency in wilderness or survival techniques, technical skills necessary to safely engage in certain activities (scuba diving, rock climbing) c. Equipment – appropriate clothing for your location and activities, first aid supplies suitable for your activities and expect hazards as well as devices for signaling and communication. Ch 24 – A Safer and Healthier Life 1. What are some factors that affect your risk of injury? (pg 441) a. age - highest among people younger than 39 highest rate of death >65 and 15 to 24 b. gender – males are at a greater risk than females c. geographical location – where you live; death rates higher in rural areas d. economic status – death rate 2x as high in low-income areas as in high e. alcohol use and abuse </p>