Daystar University Repository Integrating Participatory Communication into Slum Upgrading In Kibera: An Audit of the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme Communication Strategy by Lilian Jerotich Kimeto 07-0528 A thesis presented to the School of Communication & Languages of Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Communication. February 2016 Library Archives Copy Daystar University Repository INTEGRATING PARTICIPATORY COMMUNICATION INTO SLUM UPGRADING IN KIBERA: AN AUDIT OF THE KENYA SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME COMMUNICATION STRATEGY by Lilian Jerotich Kimeto 07-0528 In accordance with Daystar University policies, this thesis is accepted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master of Arts degree _____________________________ ____________________ Levi Obonyo, PhD, 1st Supervisor ______________________________ ____________________ Clayton Peel, PhD, 2nd Supervisor _____________________________ ____________________ Rosemary Kowuor, PhD, HoD, Communication Department _____________________________ ____________________ Levi Obonyo, PhD Dean, School of Communication & Languages Library Archives Copy Daystar University Repository DECLARATION INTEGRATING PARTICIPATORY COMMUNICATION INTO SLUM UPGRADING IN KIBERA: AN AUDIT OF THE KENYA SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMME COMMUNICATION STRATEGY I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted to any other college or university for academic credit. Date: Signed: ____________________________ ____________________ Lilian Jerotich Kimeto (07-0528) Library Archives Copy Daystar University Repository ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have no words to express my thanksgiving to God the Almighty who has helped me complete this research. I was unwell for most of this period but God has kept me alive. I am eternally grateful to my dad, Julius Kimeto Bartilol Arap Rutto, who prayed for and encouraged me in this undertaking despite being also unwell. I am grateful to my mother Teriki Chumo who gave me the support I needed to finish my studies. I sincerely thank my first supervisor, who is also my Dean, Prof Levi Obonyo for being very patient with me. When I almost threw in the towel he urged me on. He has helped me develop this document into a scholarly one. I deeply grateful to my second supervisor, Dr. Clayton Peel, who prayed and supported me at the moments I felt low. I will never forget the times I got to his office as early as 7 am and he would spare time to look at my work. He has taught me the rigor of research. I am grateful to the residents of the Kibera relocation site and the Settlement Executive Committee for accepting to participate in the focus group discussion. I also thank my key informants drawn from UN Habitat; the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development as well as staff at the Nairobi County Department of Housing. I thank my husband and our three sons for praying for and encouraging me. Thank you Simon Kipkorir, Jesse Beracah, Jude Baruch and Jakin Berur for bearing with me when mum sacrificed family time to read. I thank my aunt Teriki Taparno Mutkaa, cousin Wesley Kiyeng and niece Janice Jeruto who took over some of my home roles so I could concentrate on my writing. I thank my research assistants David Ochieng, Patrick Mbuvi, Mike Oketh and Claire Adhiambo who tirelessly worked under the rain to obtain the data for the study. Finally, I thank my employer, the Government of Kenya, for sponsoring my post graduate studies at Daystar University. Library Archives Copy Daystar University Repository TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .......................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 7 Purpose of the study ........................................................................................................ 8 Objectives of Study ......................................................................................................... 8 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 8 Justification of the Study ................................................................................................ 9 Significance of Study .................................................................................................... 11 Assumptions of the Study ............................................................................................. 12 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................................ 13 Limitations of the Study................................................................................................ 13 Delimitations of the Study ............................................................................................ 14 Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 15 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 17 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 17 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 17 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 17 The Diffusion Development Communication Approach .......................................... 18 Participatory Development Communication approach ............................................. 20 Convergence of Participatory Development Communication and Diffusion Development Communication ......................................................................................................... 21 Participation Typologies ........................................................................................... 22 General Literature Review ............................................................................................ 24 Principles of Participatory communication............................................................... 27 Role of the Settlement Committee in Participatory Communication ....................... 37 Challenges faced in integrating participatory communication into slum upgrading 37 Implementing Participatory Development communication ...................................... 42 Evaluation of the KENSUP communication strategy ............................................... 44 Empirical Literature Review ......................................................................................... 49 Library Archives Copy Daystar University Repository Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 59 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 63 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 63 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 63 Research Design............................................................................................................ 63 Population ..................................................................................................................... 64 Target Population .......................................................................................................... 65 Sample Size................................................................................................................... 66 Sample Technique......................................................................................................... 67 Sampling procedure .....................................................................................................