<p>Table S1 Elemental composition of a composite of mine waste rocks used for laboratory tests</p><p>Element Unit Concentration Al % 1.26 Ba mg kg-1 307 Ca % 2.13 Cr mg kg-1 58 Cu mg kg-1 17.4 Fe % 3.16 K % 0.43 Li mg kg-1 4 Mg % 0.81 Mn mg kg-1 499 Na % 0.03 P mg kg-1 1720 S % 1.4 Sr mg kg-1 185 Zn mg kg-1 74 As mg kg-1 42 Cd mg kg-1 0.09 Cs mg kg-1 4.12 Hg mg kg-1 0.09 Mo mg kg-1 1.02 Pb mg kg-1 12 Se mg kg-1 <1 U mg kg-1 1.88</p><p>1 Table S2 Compositions of groundwater and mine seepage water used for the initial and boundary conditions in model simulations</p><p>Unit Groundwater Seepage water</p><p> pH - 7 3.64</p><p>-1 Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg L 148.9 0</p><p>2- -1 SO4 mg L 195 4732</p><p>Cl- mg L-1 14.1 15</p><p>F- mg L-1 0.987 13.9</p><p>Al mg L-1 0.0238 125</p><p>As mg L-1 0.0179 0.14</p><p>Ca mg L-1 74.8 45</p><p>Cd mg L-1 0.000056 0.49</p><p>Cr mg L-1 0.00058 0.10</p><p>Cu mg L-1 0.0016 8.2</p><p>Fe mg L-1 0.357 658</p><p>K mg L-1 8.2 26</p><p>Mg mg L-1 24.5 9.1</p><p>Mn mg L-1 0.792 0.90</p><p>Na mg L-1 29.6 1262</p><p>Pb mg L-1 0.000728 0.19</p><p>Se mg L-1 <0.001 0.0081</p><p>Zn mg L-1 0.0152 52</p><p>2 Fig. S1 Composite rock samples, separated with coarser materials (-3/4 +1/2"), (b) reaction bottles packed with rock samples, (c) perforated sampling tubes, wrapped with paper filters (placed in the center of the reaction bottles, capped with blue caps in (b)), and (d) saturation of the reaction bottle with the seepage water, using a peristaltic pump</p><p>3</p><p>Fig. S2 Changes in (a) pH, (b) alkalinity, and dissolved concentrations of (c) Ca, (d) Mg, (e) Fe, and (f) </p><p>2- SO4 in a repeated laboratory test for bottle 3</p><p>4</p><p>Fig. S3 Changes in dissolved concentrations of (a) Al, (b) Zn, (c) Cd, (d) Cu, (e) Cr, and (f) Mn in a repeated laboratory test for bottle 3</p><p>5</p><p>Fig. S4 Simulated volume fractions of the key primary minerals (calcite, ankerite, and pyrite) in (a) 7, </p><p>(b) 20, (c) 30, and (d) 50 years</p><p>6</p><p>Fig. S5 Simulated volume fractions of gibbsite, gypsum, ferrihydrite, and siderite in (a) 7, (b) 20, (c) 30, and (d) 50 years</p><p>7</p><p>Fig. S6 Simulated volume fractions of covellite, smithsonite, and rhodochrosite in (a) 7, (b) 20, (c) 30, and (d) 50 years</p><p>8</p><p>Fig. S7 Simulated volume fractions of otavite and Cr(OH)3(am) in (a) 7, (b) 20, (c) 30, and (d) 50 years</p><p>9 Fig. S8 Simulated concentration of F- at 500 m distance from the infiltration point over time. The symbol at 0 year represents the seepage concentration</p><p>10</p>