<p> COLLEGE-PREP BIOLOGY FALL MIDTERM REVIEW</p><p>FOR THE MIDTERM YOU SHOULD KNOW:</p><p> The definition of the word biology  The areas of biology we’ll study this year and their definitions  The differences between a hypothesis, theory, and a law  The steps of the scientific method  how to make tables and graphs according to the handout given in class  How to identify a control group and an experimental group in a lab  How to pick out the independent and dependent variables in a lab  The tools of the laboratory that were on the handout distributed the first week of school and how to use the tools that we’ve already used  The definitions of atom, element, molecule, and compound  The structure of an atom/arrangement of subatomic particles  How to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is an atom  How the periodic table is arranged (location of the metals/nonmetals/metalloids, definition of a group or family, definition of a period, reactiveness of different families)  The types of bonds and how they are formed  The type of bond that holds a water molecule together and the type of bond BETWEEN water molecules  The definitions of cohesion and adhesion in terms of water molecules  How water molecules are arranged in terms of proximity in gases, solids, and liquids (water kit activity)  How the pH scale is structured  How to count atoms of each element in a compound  The atoms that are present in the four major macromolecules and their ratios if applicable (ex: carbs have C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio)  The differences between condensation/dehydration reactions and hydrolysis when forming polymers  Definitions and examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides  The difference between glycogen and starch  How peptide bonds link amino acids and the number of amino acids in living things  The roles of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in living things  The definition of a triglyceride  How to identify a saturated fat vs an unsaturated fat by looking at the structural formulas  How enzyme work to accelerate reactions (active site, substrate, activation energy) and examples of enzymes and what they do (Ex: amylase, lactase)  The three components of a nucleotide  The roles of DNA and RNA in cells  The organelles of the cell and their functions – very important!  The people responsible for inventing the microscope, naming the cell, and coming up with cell theory. (Ex: Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow)  The parts of cell theory  The structure of the cell membrane and why it’s described as a fluid mosaic model  The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells  How to identify the major parts of a plant cell vs. an animal cell (cheek and onion lab)  The parts of the microscope and what they do  The different types of microscopes and for what purpose they’re used  The distance across the field of view of the microscope on low and medium power in mm and microns (movement under the microscope lab)  Understand diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport (endocytosis, exocytosis)  Be able to give examples of facilitated diffusion and active transport in cells  Which way the water from the cell will move if the cell is placed in a hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic solution (potato osmosis lab) (elodea lab in distilled and salt water)  The equation for photosynthesis  The difference between an autotroph and heterotroph  How ATP is used for energy by cells  The structure of the chloroplast (thylakoids, grana, stroma)  What is necessary in order for the Light Dependent Reactions to occur  The location in the chloroplast of the Light Dependent Reactions  Why most plants appear to be green  What is produced at the end of the Light Dependent Reactions  What is necessary for the Calvin Cycle/Light Independent Reactions to occur  What is produced at the end of the Calvin Cycle  The role of carotenoids in plants  The role of the photosystems in plants  How ATP is formed in the electron transport chain in thylakoids </p>