<p> Geology 101 Final Exam Study Questions</p><p>What are fossil fuels? Where does the energy stored in fossil fuels come from?</p><p>What are the sources and approximate proportions of the energy consumed in the US in year 2000?</p><p>What proportion of the total US energy consumption comes from fossil fuel? </p><p>What are the major differences in the general organic chemistry of terrestrial vs. marine organic matter?</p><p>What are the important steps in the maturation of marine organic matter to form petroleum? </p><p>Under what conditions of burial do these steps occur?</p><p>What are the major groups of organic compounds present in petroleum? </p><p>What is the relationship between molecular weight and behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons? </p><p>What is a ‘petroleum system’? </p><p>How does the geothermal gradient influence petroleum maturation?</p><p>What are petroleum ‘traps’? How do we locate them?</p><p>What methods are used to define the extent of petroleum reservoirs?</p><p>What is overpressure?</p><p>What is a Hubbert Curve?</p><p>How has the use of coal vs. oil vs. natural gas changed in the US over the last century?</p><p>Briefly describe how natural gas and crude oil deposits form?</p><p>Why are the source materials for crude oil usually marine or lake sediments whereas coal comes from terrestrial swamps?</p><p>What is oil shale? Kerogen? What is enhanced recovery?</p><p>What is coal? Briefly describe the processes that give rise to coals of different rank.</p><p>What air pollution problems are especially associated with coal burning?</p><p>Why are some coals high-sulfur whereas other coals very low in sulfur?</p><p>Why does coal cause a greater output of carbon dioxide per unit of heat produced compared to oil and especially natural gas?</p><p>What are the alternatives to fossil fuel energy? </p><p>What are the advantages and disadvantages of these alternative energy sources? Include nuclear, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, solar.</p><p>What sources are likely to realistically provide significant reduction in use of fossil fuel?</p><p>What environmental trade-offs are involved in each alternative energy source?</p><p>What materials comprise landfill leachate?</p><p>Describe using a diagram the key components of a well-designed solid waste landfill.</p><p>What elements or compounds might be used to identify a landfill leachate plume in groundwater?</p><p>What are LNAPL? Give examples.</p><p>What are DNAPL? Give examples.</p><p>Describe the following processes involved in the movement of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater: advection, diffusion, dispersion, adsorption/absorption, bioremediation</p><p>Describe the following remediate strategies: pump and treat, air sparging, reactive barriers</p><p>What are PCB’s? Why are they a major concern in ecosystems?</p><p>Many atmospheric pollutants are naturally occurring compounds. What are the key human activities that cause levels of these compounds to become problematic?</p><p>What is a biogeochemical cycle? Give an example of a local or regional-scale biogeochemical budget.</p><p>Why do we care about global budgets?</p><p>What is a flux? A sink? A transformation process?</p><p>Discuss the cycling of: sulfur nitrogen carbon</p><p>What sorts of atmospheric and other concerns are caused by each of these in their ‘polluting’ form?</p><p>Briefly describe the origin and problems associated with lead ozone CFC’s</p><p>What are the short, intermediate and long-term carbon cycles?</p><p>How has fossil fuel consumption joined the short and intermediate cycles?</p><p>What are the big unknowns in carbon cycle and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?</p><p>What is the greenhouse effect?</p><p>What is the Keeling Curve?</p><p>What are the various forms of radioactive waste? How and when in the use cycle are these materials produced?</p><p>What factors cause the disposal of radwaste to be so problematic?</p><p>Discuss the Moab tailings case study. What issues remain to be resolved in this case?</p><p>What rock types and geological conditions are critical for long-term radwaste disposal?</p><p>Why is Yucca Mountain favored as a long-term radwaste repository?</p><p>What are the major concerns about the Yucca Mountain site?</p>