<p>Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed. Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System</p><p>Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System </p><p>I. Introduction (Outcome 8.1.1) A. Joints are also called______. (Outcome 8.1.1) B. Joints bind ______, make possible______, permit ______and enable______. (Outcome 8.1.2) C. Three general groups of joints classified structurally by the type of tissue that binds the bones together are______. (Outcome 8.1.2) D. Joints can also be grouped according to______. (Outcome 8.1.2) E. Immovable joints are called______. (Outcome 8.1.2) F. Slightly movable joints are called______. (Outcome 8.1.2) G. Freely movable joints are called______.</p><p>II. Fibrous Joints (Outcome 8.2.3) A. Fibrous joints are so named because______. (Outcome 8.2.3) B. The three types of fibrous joints are______. (Outcome 8.2.3) C. In syndesmosis, bones are bound by______. (Outcome 8.2.3) D. An example of a syndesmosis is______. (Outcome 8.2.3) E. Because a syndesmosis permits slight movement, it is called______. (Outcome 8.2.3) F. Sutures are only between______. (Outcome 8.2.3) G. A sutural ligament is______. (Outcome 8.2.3) H. Fontanels allow______. (Outcome 8.2.3) I. An example of a suture is______. (Outcome 8.2.3) J. Because sutures are immovable, they are called______. (Outcome 8.2.3) K. A gomphosis is______. (Outcome 8.2.3) L. A periodontal ligament is______.</p><p>8-1 (Outcome 8.2.3) M. An example of a gomphosis is______.</p><p>III. Cartilaginous Joints (Outcome 8.3.4) A. Bones of cartilaginous joints are joined by______. (Outcome 8.3.4) B. Two types of cartilaginous joints are______. (Outcome 8.3.4) C. In a______, bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones. (Outcome 8.3.4) D. Many synchondroses are______and disappear during growth. (Outcome 8.3.4) E. Two examples of synchondroses are______. (Outcome 8.3.4) F. Synchondroses do not permit movement and are therefore ______. (Outcome 8.3.4) G. In a symphysis, the articular surfaces of bones are covered with______and the cartilage is attached to ______. (Outcome 8.3.4) H. Two examples of symphyses is______.</p><p>IV. Synovial Joints A. Introduction (Outcome 8.4.5) 1. Most joints are______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 2. Synovial joints allow ______movement. and are called______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 3. Synovial joints consist of______. B. General Structure of a Synovial Joint (Outcome 8.4.5) 1. Articular cartilage is______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 2. The joint capsule is______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 3. The outer layer of the joint capsule consists of______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 4. The inner layer of the joint capsule consists of______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 5. Ligaments reinforce______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 6. The synovial membrane is______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 7. Synovial fluid comes from______.</p><p>8-2 (Outcome 8.4.5) 8. Besides secreting synovial fluid, the synovial membrane may also______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 9. Synovial fluid has a consistency of______and functions to ______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 10. Menisci are______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 11. Menisci function to______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 12. Bursae are______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 13. Bursae are located______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 14. Bursae function to______. (Outcome 8.4.5) 15. The names of bursae reflect______. C. Types of Synovial Joints (Outcome 8.4.6) 1. The six major types of synovial joints are______. ______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 2. A ball-and-socket joint consists of______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 3. A ball-and-socket joint allows______than any other type of joint. (Outcome 8.4.6) 4. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 5. The structure of a condylar joint is______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 6. An example of a condylar joint is______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 7. The articulating surfaces of______are nearly flat or slightly curved. (Outcome 8.4.6) 8. Examples of plane joints are______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 9. The structure of a hinge joint is______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 10. An example of a hinge joint is______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 11. The structure of a pivot joint is______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 12. Examples of pivot joints are______. (Outcome 8.4.6) 13. The structure of a saddle joint is______.</p><p>8-3 (Outcome 8.4.6) 14. An example of a saddle joint is______.</p><p>V. Types of Joint Movements (Outcome 8.5.7) A. An insertion of a muscle is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) B. The origin of a muscle is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) C. Flexion is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) D. Extension is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) E. Hyperextension is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) F. Dorsiflexion is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) G. Plantar flexion is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) H. Abduction is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) I. Adduction is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) J. Rotation is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) K. Circumduction is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) L. Supination is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) M. Pronation is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) N. Eversion is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) O. Inversion is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) P. Protraction is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) Q. Retraction is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) R. Elevation is______. (Outcome 8.5.7) S. Depression is______. VI. Examples of Synovial Joints A. Shoulder Joint (Outcome 8.6.8) 1. The shoulder joint is ______that consists of______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 2. The shoulder joint capsule is very______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 3. ______reinforce the shoulder joint capsule. (Outcome 8.6.8) 4. The four ligaments that help prevent displacement of the shoulder joint are______.</p><p>8-4 (Outcome 8.6.8) 5. The coracohumeral ligament strengthens______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 6. The glenohumeral ligament extends______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 7. The transverse humeral ligament runs between______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 8. The glenoid labrum functions to______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 9. The four major bursae associated with each shoulder joint are______. (Outcome 8.6.8) 10. The shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of movement due to______. B. Elbow Joint (Outcome 8.6.9) 1. The articulations of the elbow joint are______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 2. The ulnar collateral ligament is located______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 3. The ulnar collateral ligament attaches______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 4. The radial collateral ligament is located______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 5. The radial collateral ligament strengthens______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 6. Fatty pads of the elbow joint protect______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 7. The only movements that occur at the elbow joint are______. C. Hip Joint (Outcome 8.6.9) 1. The hip joint is a______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 2. The hip joint consists of______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 3. The acetabular labrum is______and functions to______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 4. The major ligaments of the hip joint are______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 5. The iliofemoral ligament attaches______.</p><p>8-5 (Outcome 8.6.9) 6. The pubofemoral ligament extends between______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 7. The ischiofemoral ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 8. The hip joint has______movement than the shoulder joint. (Outcome 8.6.9) 9. ______surround the capsule of the hip joint. D. Knee Joint (Outcome 8.6.9) 1. The largest and most complex of the synovial joints is the ______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 2. The knee joint consists of ______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 3. The femur articulates with______anteriorly. (Outcome 8.6.9) 4. The knee functions as a______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 5. The articulation between the femur and tibia is a______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 6. The articulation between the femur and patella is a______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 7. The knee joint is greatly strengthened by______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 8. The 5 ligaments of the knee joint are______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 9. The patellar joint extends from______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 10. The oblique popliteal ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 11. The arcuate popliteal ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 12. The tibial collateral ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 13. The fibular collateral ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 14. Two ligaments within the knee joint are called______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 15. The anterior cruciate ligament connects______</p><p>8-6 ______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 16. The posterior cruciate ligament connects______. (Outcome 8.6.9) 17. Two______separate the articulating surfaces of the femur and tibia. (Outcome 8.6.9) 18. Three bursae associated with the knee joint are______. VII. Life-Span Changes (Outcome 8.7.10) A. Changes in collagen lie behind______. (Outcome 8.7.10) B. The______joints are the first to change. (Outcome 8.7.10) C. Synchondroses that connect______disappear as the skeleton grows. (Outcome 8.7.10) D. Ligaments lose ______as collagen fibers become______. (Outcome 8.7.10) E. In the intervertebral discs, less water diminishes______. (Outcome 8.7.10) F. Loss of function of synovial joints begins in the______decade of life. (Outcome 8.7.10) G. Fewer______serving the synovial membrane slows the circulation of ______, and the membrane may become infiltrated with ______.</p><p>8-7</p>