<p> The False Promise of International Institutions Pt 2</p><p>John Addleman</p><p>1. Cooperation is difficult, but does occur.</p><p>2. Two factors inhibit this cooperation</p><p> a. Relative-gains consideration</p><p> a.i. Cost/benefit analysis</p><p> a.ii. Two types of consideration</p><p> a.ii.1. Absolute gains</p><p> a.ii.1.a. Cooperation is easier</p><p> a.ii.2. Relative gains</p><p> a.ii.2.a. In reality this is primary motivator</p><p> a.ii.2.b. Cooperation more difficult</p><p> a.ii.2.b.i. Arguments over how the ‘pie’ is split</p><p> b. Concern about cheating</p><p>3. Cooperation can occur between rivals as well as allies</p><p> a. Germany/Russia vs. Poland 1939</p><p>4. States will also operate via institutions</p><p> a. These institutions mirror the balance of power between states</p><p>5. 3 Institutional Theories</p><p> a. Liberal institutionalism</p><p> a.i. Least ambitious</p><p> a.ii. Increased cooperation reduces war a.iii. Creates laws that constrain states</p><p> b. Collective security</p><p> b.i. Directly addresses preventing war</p><p> b.ii. Replaces realism with three norms;</p><p> b.ii.1. Reject use of force to change status quo</p><p> b.ii.2. In dealing with states that use force do not act on basis of self </p><p> interest</p><p> b.ii.3. Trust other states to reduce and renounce aggression</p><p> c. Critical theory</p><p> c.i. Aims to transform international affairs fundamentally and create opportunity </p><p> for genuine peace</p><p> c.ii. Rejects realist thinking about self-interested behavior of states</p><p> c.ii.1. Ideas and discourse are fundamental forces behind behavior</p><p> c.ii.2. Realism says that it’s a function of the structure of the external </p><p> world</p><p>6. Many think that institutions will pave the way for peace in the future</p><p> a. This is incorrect because the 3 theories are flawed</p><p> a.i. Fundamental logic problems with each</p><p>7. Americans regard realism with hostility</p><p> a. It’s pessimistic</p><p> b. War is inevitable</p><p> b.i. People don’t like to accept this</p><p> c. Doesn’t distinguish between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ states</p><p>8. America has history of disregarding realism </p>