EO RD I (Zizyphus nummularia) A SHRUB OF THE INDIAN ARID ZONE- ITS ROLE IN SILVIPASTURE Edited by H. S. MANN AND S. K. SAXENA ICAR CENTRAL ARID ZONE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JODHPUR - 342 003 DECEMBER 1981 CAZRI Monograph No. 13 Published by the Director, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. 'Printed at the Harvard Press, Jodhpur. Foreword This publication on Bordi (Zizyphus Jodhpur, is a welcome addition to the nummularia) appears in monograph se­ knowledge on arid zone plants,. The ries by scientists of the Central Arid United Nations Environmental pro­ Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. Like gramme, in most of its periodical con­ Khejri (P. cineraria), Bordi is an im­ ferences like UNCOD held at Nairobi portant top feed species of the arid and in 1977, has been emphasizing the need semi-arid regions of north-west India. for revegetating the arid areas of the Bordi plays a very important role in sus­ world with suitable species. Similarly, taining the rural economy of these areas the National Commission on Agriculture particularly in western Rajasthan, where of India has suggested, in the report pub­ natural scrublands still abound. This lished in 1976, the implementation of ubiquitous, drought hardy, perennial, several afforestation schemes like Social fodder yielding shrub is often the desert Forestry, Agro-Forestry and Silvi-Pas­ stock owners' last line of defence against toral Systems for developing the much the total annihilation of their herds III needed energy resources base for the drought years. rural areas. Bordi is also an important source of Besides, such plantations should also fruit in the desert. Out of six species of improve the quality of the environment Zizyphus only two species, viz. Z. mau­ by conserving soil and other natural re­ ritiana and Z. nummularia are economi­ sources. It is in the light of these that I cally important being a major source of commend the efforts made by CAZRI fruits for the desert dwellers. Z. mauri­ scientists in acquiring new knowledge on tiana provides comparatively larger different species of useful desert plants edible fruits, while Z. nummularia fruit and in contributing chapters to this mo­ size is small with low pulp content. But nograph which has been compiled and this has been found as the best and edited by Dr. H. S. Mann and Shri readily available root-stock material and S. K. Saxena. is being utilised for mass scale budding of superior quality (Ber) fruit. I would' hope that this monograph will This monograph, which presents the prove to be a valuable source of infor­ results of research carried out at the mation to scientists, planners and deve­ Central Arid Zone Research Institute, lopment agencies dealing with problems of the arid and semi-arid regions of the I am sure CAZRI scientists will con­ country, in their efforts to combat tinue in their endeavours to compile the desertification. Some of the suggestions available information on other useful made by the editors in respect of this shrub, tree and gras'i species of our arid shrub warrant detailed future studies. and semi-arid regions. o P. GAUTAM 26.12.1981 Director General New Delhi - 1. I ndian Council of Agricultural Research Krishi Bhavan,' Preface Bordi (Zizyphus nummularia Burm. palatable to most species of livestock f.) Wt is an important component of and is reasonably nutritious. These qua­ most of the plant communities of lities of the Bordi plant have been known arid and semi-arid regions of India. to the farmers in the dry areas for cen­ Like Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), it turies. However, there does not seem to plays a major role in the economy of have been any effort to obtain hardier, the arid regions. Nearly 80 per cent of fast growing or high yielding varieties of the people in the arid districts of Bar­ Z. nummularia. mer, Bikaner and Jaisalmer in Western Information on the Bordi plant is Rajasthan are dependent on animal hus­ scantly available in the published liter­ bandry as their main source of liveli­ ature. Scientists at CAZRI have been hood. In the adjoining arid areas also doing some work on certain ecological, animal husbandry plays a very import­ nutritional and sociological aspects of ant role in ensuring atleast some income this plant for the last two decades. A to the farmers in years of crop failure. few other agencies also have gathered Since animal pressure far exceeds the certain amount of information on this carrying capacity of the land, feed scar­ plant. In view of the economic import­ city is a permanent feature of these areas. ance of this plant for the arid and semi­ Recurring droughts further aggravate arid areas, readily available infonnation the situation. The desert top feeds like has been compiled and is being presented Khejri leaves (Loong) and Bordi leave'> in the form of this monograph. The im­ (Pala) provide a sustenance when the mediate objective of this monograph is ground cover is depleted. It is for this to create an awareness among scientists reason that palatable and nutritious top to study this plant on an interdisciplinary feed species have such importance in the basis with the ultimate aim of increasing desert ecosystem. The Bordi plant is par­ the productivity of this plant per unit of ticularly valuable in this respect. It can land. Another objective is to emphasise grow on almost all types of habitats. On the role of this plant in agro-forestry flat alluvial plains, its natural regenera­ and silvi-pastoral systems. tion is encouraged by the farmers in their While we hope that the information own fields as well as in the village com­ contained in this monograph will be of mon grazing lands (Orans). Pala is use to scientists and planners in the drier jii regions of India and in other countries, monograph goes to the cartography la­ we will be grateful {or any information boratory of this Institute. We are espe­ on this plant which will be incorporated, cially thankful to Shri B. L. Tak, Photo­ with due credit, in revised edition of thi'l grapher, for supplying'many of the pho­ monograph. tographs appearing in this monograph. In the preparation of this monograph Finally we are most grateful to Dr. O. P. many of our colleagues at CAZRI have Gautam, Director General, leAR, New contributed chapter for which we thank Delhi, for kindly writing a foreword to them all. The credit for illustrating the this monograph. H. S. MANN S. K. SAXENA iv BORD! (Zizyphus llummularia) Contents Page Foreword i Preface III ]n the Indian Scriptures-Vinod Shankar 1 Morphology and Ecology-S. K. Saxena 3 Distribution pattern of lharber and its leaf fodder and bushwood production on different habitats and landuse types-Vinod Shankar 10 Silvicultural aspects-K. D. Muthana .................... 15 Physiological aspects-So Kathju and A. N. Lahiri ........... 19 Productivity of the shrub-So K. Saxena and S. K. Sharma 25 Horticultural qualities-B. B. Vashishtha 31 Mineral elements in relation to animal requirement-B. K. Dutta and R. P. Dhir .............................................. 34 Dis:ribution of trace elements in foliage-B. K. Sharma and R. P. Dhir 38 Nutritive value of pala for ruminants--H. C. Bohra and P. K. Ghosh 42 Important food centre for Indian Desert animals-Ish war Prakash 48 Associated insects and their management-D. R. Parihar 51 Diseases-~aroj Singh .................................. 57 Socia-Economic aspects-M. L. Purohit and W. A. Khan ....... 59 An opinion survey -M. L. Purohit and W. A. Khan 64 Bordi in Indian Desert-An overview-H. S. Mann ......... 70 Animal production in Dhaman-Bordi grassland-L. N. Harsh and K. A. Shankarnarayan ................... '................ 75 A shrub for silvipasture-S. K. Saxena and H. S. Mann ........ 81 References 85 Authors' index 90 In the Indian Scriptures VINOD SHANKAR The scriptural reference on Iharber Chitrakoot3 of the Valmiki Ramayana, (Z. nummularia) is diffused and often for example) even now there is prepond­ mixed up with Ber or Jujube (Z. mauri­ erance of Jharber (Z. nummularia) in tiana) and other Zizyphus species, e.g. those Sal (Shorea robusta) forests [North Z. oenoplia and Z. xylopyrus. The San­ India Tropical Dry Deciduous (Type SA) skrit name Badari or Badar seems to have forests-Champion and Seth, 1963]. At been given to Zizyphus in general. In San­ another place the glory of The Goddess skrit Badar is treated as masculine and has been sunt as "the universe for Her Badari is feminine and both the words is like Badar fruit on the palm of the have been ascribed to relate to the tree hand". Here, it is most likely that the of Jujube (Z. mauritiana) but the word Badar refers to the Jujube (Z. mauritiana) Badarika has been referred to the fruit because of the resemblance of its fruit or berry of the Jujube (Monier-Williams, to the shape of the earth. 1899). It can, perhaps, be conjectured The great Indian sage Maharshi Veda that the word Badar refers to the Jujube Vyasa who authored a great many scrip­ (Z. mauritiana) and Badari to the Ihar­ tural treatise like Mahabharata and ber (Z. nummularia) because at the Bhagwat Geeta is also named as Badara­ places where the word Badari has been yan, i.e. a person who made his abode used (Tatak VanI, Neel Van2 and amidst dense stands of Badar trees at ~. ti9'i')~ or~<:T fl1N f9'if;:~ ?"Tl:i(1]' cr;;~ ~CfT;;r l1q:m;;rT fGf!1crTfll';fT Tfq:r~fiT: II crT. '..To./orT. 'fiT /":<,,~/~~ -=( . ~'T11Tl1T-=;f CfCfT If('GfT iTT~ ~e:1:f :q CfiTiTrri:{ I lJ~B'fir Of~'~,:r flTssr <:1=1:1' cfl1T!i:q 1:fT~;l: 110fT.