<p> RICHARD L. AXELBAUM Professor Director, Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering Washington University St. Louis, MO 63130 (314) 935-7560 [email protected]</p><p>PUBLICATIONS</p><p>Peer-Reviewed Articles and Book Chapters</p><p>1. Butler, M.S., Moran, C.W. Sunderland, P.B. and Axelbaum R.L., “Flame Quenching Limits of Hydrogen Leaks,” Submitted to the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2. Unrau, C.J., Axelbaum, R.L., Biswas, P.B., and Fraundorf, P., “Characterization of Diffusion Flames for Optimization of Single-wall Carbon Nanotube Synthesis" submitted. 3. Nuetzel A.J., Unrau C.J., Indeck R., and Axelbaum R.L., “Flame synthesis of superparamagnetic Fe/Nb nanocomposites for biomedical applications.” To appear in Proceedings of Combustion Institute. 4. Butler, M.S. Axelbaum, R.L. Moran, C.W. Sunderland, P.B., ”Flame Quenching Limits of Hydrogen Leaks,” SAE SP, 2166; 119-126, 2008. 5. Lim, K.B., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B. and Axelbaum, R.L., "A Theoretical Study of Spontaneous Ignition of Fuel Jets in Oxidizing Ambient with Emphasis on Hydrogen Jets," Combustion Theory and Modelling, 12:6, 1179 - 1196 (2008). 6. Kumfer, B.M., Skeen, S.A. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Soot Inception Limits in Laminar Diffusion Flames with Application to Oxy-Fuel Combustion” Combustion and Flame 154 (3), 546-556 (2008). 7. Santa, K.J., Chao, B.-H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., Axelbaum, R.L. "Radiative Extinction of Gaseous Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity," Combustion and Flame, 151(4), 665-675 (2007). 8. Morton, N.R., Sunderland, P.B., Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Fire Hazards of Small Hydrogen Leaks," SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0429 (2007). 9. Santa, K.J., Sun, Z., Chao, B.-H., Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L. Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., "Numerical and Experimental Observations of Spherical Diffusion Flames," Combustion Theory and Modelling 11, 639-652 (2007). 10. Unrau, C.J., Axelbaum, R.L., Biswas, P.B., and Fraundorf, P., “Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in OxyFuel Diffusion Flames with Online Diagnostics,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31, 1865-1872 (2007). 11. Unrau, C.J., Axelbaum, R.L., Biswas, P.B., and Fraundorf, P., “Online Size Characterization of Fibers and Nanotubes,” Molecular Building Blocks for Nanotechnology G.A. Mansoori, T.F. George, L. Assoufid, G. Zhang, Eds., Topics in Applied Physics Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2007). 12. Barr, J.L., Axelbaum, R.L. and Macias, M.E., “Processing Salt-Encapsulated Nanoparticles for High-Purity, Ultrahigh Surface Area Applications,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 8, 11-22 (2006). 13. Suriyawong, A. Gamble, M., Lee, M.-H. Axelbaum, R.L. and Biswas, P., “Submicrometer Particle Formation and Mercury Speciation Under O2-CO2 Coal Combustion,” Energy & Fuels 20, 2357-2363 (2006). Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 2</p><p>14. Kumfer, B.M., Skeen, S.A., Chen, R. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Measurement and Analysis of Soot Inception Limits of Oxygen-Enriched Coflow Flames,” Combustion and Flame 147, 233-242 (2006). 15. Chen, R. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Scalar Dissipation Rate at Extinction and the Effects of Oxygen-Enriched Combustion,” Combustion and Flame 142 62-71 (2005). 16. Liu, S., Chao, Beei-Huan and Axelbaum, R.L., “A Theoretical Study on Soot Inception in Spherical Burner-Stabilized Diffusion Flames,” Combustion and Flame 140 1-23 (2005). 17. Sun, Z., Axelbaum, R.L. and Davis, R.W., “A Sectional Model for Investigating Microcontamination in a Rotating Disk CVD Reactor,” Journal of Aerosol Science and Technology 38 1161-1170 (2004). 18. Sun, Z., Axelbaum, R.L. and Huertas, J.I., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Multicomponent Aerosols Undergoing Simultaneous Coagulation and Condensation,” Journal of Aerosol Science and Technology 38 963-971 (2004). 19. Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., Chao, B.-H. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Sooting Limits of Microgravity Spherical Diffusion Flames in Oxygen-Enriched Air and Diluted Fuel" Combustion Science and Technology, 176 2143-2164 (2004). 20. Sun, Z., Axelbaum, R.L., Chao, B.H., “A Multicomponent Sectional Model for Flame Synthesis of Nanoparticles,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 29 1063-1069 (2003). 21. Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L., Urban, D.L., Chao, B.H. and Liu, S., "Effects of Structure and Hydrodynamics on the Sooting Behavior of Spherical Microgravity Diffusion Flames" Combustion and Flame, 132:1/2 25-33 (2003). 22. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Suppression of Cellular Structure in Slot Burner Flames,” Combustion and Flame, 126: 1433-1444 (2001). 23. Axelbaum, R.L. and Moore, J.J., "Microgravity Combustion for Material Synthesis,” in Microgravity Combustion, H.D. Ross, Ed., Academic Press, London (2001). 24. Liu, S. Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., “On Combustion with Condensed Phase Products: Applications to Droplet Burning of Magnesium in Carbon Dioxide,” Combustion and Flame, 170: 35 (2001). 25. Axelbaum, R.L., Synthesis of Stable Metal and Non-Oxide Ceramic Nanoparticles in Sodium/Halide Flames, Powder Metallurgy, 43:4: 323-325 (2000). 26. Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., “On By-Product Production in Nonpremixed Flames with Implications towards Emission of Organics during Waste Incineration,” Combustion Science and Technology, 160, 191-220 (2000). 27. Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Triaxial Burke-Schumann Flames with Applications to Flame Synthesis," Combustion Science and Technology 156, 291-314 (2000). 28. Chao, B.H., Liu, S. and Axelbaum, R.L., “On Soot Inception in Nonpremixed Flames and the Effects of Flame Structure,” Combustion Science and Technology 138, No. 1-6:105 (1998). 29. Axelbaum, R.L., DuFaux, D.P., Frey, C.A. and Sastry, S.M.L., “A Flame Process for</p><p>Synthesis of Unagglomerated, Low-oxygen Nanoparticles: Application to Ti and TiB2,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 28B: 1199-1211 (1997). 30. Axelbaum, R.L., Lottes, C.R., Huertas, J.I. and Rosen, L.J., “Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Powders,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 26, 1891- 1897 (1996).</p><p>31. Du, J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “The Effects of Flame Structure on Extinction of CH4/N2/O2 Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 26, 1137-1142 (1996). 32. Steffens, K.L., Zachariah, M.R., DuFaux, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., “In-Situ Studies of a Novel Sodium Flame Process for Synthesis of Fine Particles,” in Metastable Phases and Microstructures (R. Bormaun, G. Mazzone, R.D. Shull, R. S Averback and R. F. Ziolo, Eds.) Materials Research Society, 1996, pp. 71-76. 33. Axelbaum, R.L., Huertas, J.I., Lottes, C.R., Hariprasad, S. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Nano-phase W and W-Ti Composite via Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis,” Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 11(6): 1043-1053 (1996). Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 3</p><p>34. Steffens, K.L., Zachariah, M.R., DuFaux, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Optical and Modeling Studies of Sodium/Halide Reactions for the Formation of Titanium and Boron Nanoparticles,” Chemistry of Materials, 8(8): 1871-1880 (1996). 35. Axelbaum, R.L., DuFaux, D.P., Frey, C.A., Kelton, K.F., Lawton, S.A., Rosen, L.J. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Gas-phase Combustion Synthesis of Titanium Boride [TiB2] Nanocrystallites,” Journal of Materials Research 11 (4): 948-954 (1996). 36. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Soot Formation in Strained Diffusion Flames with Gaseous Additives,” Combustion and Flame, 102: 11-20 (1995). 37. DuFaux, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Nanoscale Unagglomerated Nonoxide Particles from a Sodium Coflow Flame,” Combustion and Flame, 100: 350-358 (1995). 38. Du, J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “The Effect of Flame Structure on Soot-Particle Inception in Diffusion Flames,” Combustion and Flame, 100: 367-383 (1995). 39. Sung, C.J., Law, C.K. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Thermophoretic Effects on Seeding Particles in LDV Measurements of Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology, 99: 119-132 (1994). 40. Gutman, S.M., Axelbaum, R.L. and Sivashinsky, G.I., “On Bunsen Burner Polyhedral Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology, 98: 57-70 (1994). 41. Law, C.K., Sung, C.J., Yu, G. and Axelbaum, R.L., “On the Structural Invariance of Purely- Strained Planar Premixed Flames to Strain Rate Variations,” Combustion and Flame, 98: 139- 154 (1994). 42. Axelbaum, R.L., Bates, S.E., Buhro, W.E., Frey, C.A., Kelton, K.F., Lawton, S.A., Rosen, L.J. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Chemistry and Combustion Synthesis of Nanoparticles of TiB2,” Nanostructured Materials, 2: 139-148 (1993). 43. Gupta, A.K., Presser, G. and Axelbaum, R.L. (Eds.), Air Toxic Reduction and Combustion Modeling, ASME, New York, 1992. 44. Im, H.G., Law, C.K. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Opening of the Burke-Schumann Flame Tip and the Effects of Curvature on Diffusion Flame Extinction,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 23, 551-558 (1991). 45. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “The Influence of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen as Additives on Soot Formation in Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 23, 1501-1507 (1991). 46. Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Soot Formation and Inert Addition in Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 23, 1517-1523 (1991). 47. Axelbaum, R.L., Law, C.K. and Flower, W.L., “Preferential Diffusion and Concentration Modification in Sooting Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 22, 379-386 (1989). 48. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L., and Law, C.K., “Experiments on Soot Extinction by Aerodynamic Straining in Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 22, 387-394 (1989). 49. Axelbaum, R.L., Flower, W.L. and Law, C.K., “Dilution and Temperature Effects of Inert Addition on Soot Formation in Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology, 61: 51-73 (1988). 50. Raabe, O.G., Braaten, D.A., Axelbaum, R.L., Teague, S.V. and Cahill, T.A., “Calibration Studies of the DRUM Impactor,” Journal of Aerosol Science, 19(2): 183-195 (1988). 51. Axelbaum, R.L., and Brandt, H., “The Effect of Substrate Surface Preparation on the Optical Properties of a Black Chrome Solar Absorber Coating,” Solar Energy, 39(3): 233-241 (1987).</p><p>Proceedings, Technical Reports and Other Publications (not peer-reviewed)</p><p>1. Roisman, A., Holtmeyer, M.L., Skeen, S.A., Axelbaum, R.L. Blow-off Behavior for Oxy- Coal Flames with Varying Oxygen Enrichment in N2 and CO2 Environments. The Central States Section of the Combustion Institute 2008 Meeting. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, April 20-22, 2008. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 4</p><p>2. Skeen, S.A., Roisman, A.E., Holtmeyer, M.L., Axelbaum, R.L. “Flame stability in oxygen- enhanced combustion of coal”, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Spring National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, April 6-10, 2008. 3. Lecoustre, V.R., Sunderland, P.B., Chao, B.H., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Effects of C/O Ratio and Temperature on Sooting Limits of Spherical Diffusion Flames," 46th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Paper AIAA-2008-827, 2008. 4. Butler, M.S., Axelbaum, R.L., Moran, C.W., and Sunderland, P.B. "Flame Quenching Limits of Hydrogen Leaks," SAE World Congress, Detroit, SAE Paper 2008-01-0726, 2008. 5. Holtmeyer, M.H., Roisman, A.E., Skeen, S., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Flame Stability in Oxygen-Enriched Combustion of Coal,” AICHE (American Institute of Chemical Engineers) Annual Fall Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Nov. 4-9, 2007. 6. Lecoustre, V.R., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., Effects of C/O Ratio and Scalar Dissipation Rate on Sooting Limits of Spherical Nonpremixed Flames, Paper No. C-12, 2007 Fall Technical Meeting, Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, Charlottesville, Virginia, October 21-24, 2007. 7. Lecoustre, V.R., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., A Computational Investigation of Sooting Limits of Spherical Diffusion Flames, Paper No. F23, Fifth Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, San Diego, California, March 25-28, 2007. 8. Santa, K.J., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L. and Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., Radiative Extinction of Gaseous Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity, Paper No. A06, Fifth Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, San Diego, California, March 25-28, 2007. 9. Santa, K.J., Sun, Z., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., "Effects of Lewis Number on Temperatures of Spherical Diffusion Flames," 45th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Paper AIAA-2007-736, 2007. 10. Nuetzel, J.A. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Production of Iron-based Nanocomposite using the Sodium Flame and Encapsulation Process," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 11. Sunderland, P.B., Taylor, J.L., Santa, K.J., Chao, B.-H., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Extinction of Normal and Inverse Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 12. Kumfer, B.M. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Measurement and Analysis of Soot Inception Limits in Oxygen-Enriched Normal and Inverted Coflow Flames," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 13. Chen, R. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Scalar Dissipation Rate at Extinction and the Effects of Oxygen-Enriched Combustion," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 14. Unrau, C.J., Axelbaum, R.L., Fraundorf, P and Biswas, P., "In Situ Detection and Size Determination of Carbon Nanotubes," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 15. Kumfer, B.M. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Measurement and Analysis of Soot Inception Limits in Oxygen-Enriched Normal and Inverted Coflow Flames," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 16. Sun, Z., Axelbaum, R.L., Chao, B.-H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., and Stocker, D.P. "Effects of Radiation Heat Loss and Lewis Number on the Temperature of Spherical Microgravity Diffusion Flames," Central States Meeting of Combustion Institute, Austin, Texas, March 21-23, 2004. 17. Taylor, J.L., Sunderland, P.B., Sun, Z., Urban, D.L., Chao, B.-H. and Axelbaum, R.L. "Sooting Limits and Extinction of Spherical Diffusion Flames," Work-in-Progress Poster, 30th International Symposium on Combustion, Chicago, 2004. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 5</p><p>18. Taylor, J.L., Sunderland, P.B., Sun, Z., Urban, D.L., Chao, B.-H. and Axelbaum, R.L. "Images of Spherical Diffusion Flames," Art Exhibit Poster, 30th International Symposium on Combustion, Chicago, 2004. 19. Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L. Chao, B.H. Sun, Z., Stocker, D.P., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Sooting Limits of Normal and Inverse Microgravity Spherical Diffusion Flames,” 3rd Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, March 16-19, 2003. 20. Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L. Stocker, D.P., Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Sooting Limits of Diffusion Flames with Oxygen-Enriched Air and Diluted Fuel,” Seventh International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, Ohio, June 3-6, 2003. 21. Axelbaum, R.L., Chen, R., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Liu, S., Chao, B.H., “Sooting Limits of Microgravity Spherical Diffusion Flames,” Central States Meeting of Combustion Institute, Knoxville, Tennessee, April 7-9, 2002. 22. Axelbaum, R.L., Urban, D.L., Sunderland, P.B., and Chao, B.-H., “Flame Design – A Novel Approach to Clean Efficient Diffusion Flames,” Science Requirement Document for Space Station Experiment, December, 2001. 23. Axelbaum, R.L. Chen, R., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Liu, S. and Chao, B.H., “Effects of Flame Structure and Hydrodynamics on Soot-Particle Inception and Flame Extinction in Diffusion Flames,” Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, Ohio, May 22-24, 2001. 24. Axelbaum, R.L. and Chao, B.H., “Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Nonoxide Nanoparticles in Microgravity,” Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, Ohio, May 22-24, 2001. 25. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Production of Stable Non-Oxide Nanocrystalline Materials Through In-Situ Particle Encapsulation,” Fine, Ultrafine and Nano Powders ’99, BCC, Inc., Orlando, Oct. 17-20 1999. 26. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., "Synthesis of Unagglomerated, Non-oxide Nanophase Powders in a Turbulent Jet Flame," 18th annual conference of the AAAR, Tacoma, WA Oct. 11-15, 1999. 27. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Synthesis of Unagglomerated, Nonoxide Nanophase Powders in a Turbulent Jet Flame,” Eastern Section Meeting of the Combustion Institute, Raleigh, NC, Oct. 11-13, 1999. 28. Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L. and Urban, D.L., “Understanding Permanently-Blue Flames Through Microgravity Combustion Experiments,” Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of the Combustion Institute, Washington, DC, March 15-17, 1999. 29. Sun, Z., Huertas, J.I. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Nanoparticle Encapsulation in Flames,” Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of the Combustion Institute, Washington, DC, March 15-17, 1999. 30. Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L. and Urban, D.L., “Effects of Structure and Hydrodynamics on the Sooting Behavior of Spherical Microgravity Diffusion Flames,” Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, May 18-20, 1999. 31. Sun, Z., Huertas, J.I. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Nanoparticle Encapsulation in Flames,” Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, May 18-20, 1999. 32. Sastry, S.M.L., Buhro, W.E., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Deformation Characteristics of Nanocrystalline Metals, Intermetallics and Composites,” Materials Expo ‘97, Indianapolis, Indiana, Sept. 16-18, 1997. 33. Axelbaum, R.L., “Developments in Sodium/Halide Flame Technology for the Synthesis of Unagglomerated Non-Oxide Nanoparticles,” Joint NSF-NIST Conference on Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Processing into Functional Nanostructures, and Characterization, Arlington, Virginia, May 12-13, 1997. 34. Axelbaum, R.L. and Chao, B.H., “Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Metal and Ceramic Nanoparticles,” Fourth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, Ohio, May 19-21, 1997. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 6</p><p>35. Hariprasad, S. and Axelbaum, R.L., “High Performance and High Purity Nanocrystalline Aluminum Nitride for Modern Technological Applications,” Final Report to Office of Naval Research for Phase I SBIR, January 1997. 36. Axelbaum, R.L., Huertas, J.I., Lottes, C.R., Hariprasad, S., Sastry, S.M.L., “Nanophase W and W-Ti Composite via Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis,” 1996 ASME Mechanics and Materials Conference, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, June 12-14, 1996.</p><p>37. Du, J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “The Effects of Flame Structure on Extinction of CH4/O2/N2 Diffusion Flames,” 1996 Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, St. Louis, MO, May 5-7, 1996. 38. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Suppression of Cellular Structure in Slot Burner Flames,” 1996 Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, St. Louis, MO, May 5-7, 1996. 39. Huertas, J.I., Axelbaum, R.L. and Lottes, C.R., “Sodium/Halide Flame Synthesis of W and W-Ti Nano-Particulates,” 1996 Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, St. Louis, MO, May 5-7, 1996. 40. Axelbaum, R.L., Lottes, C.R., Huertas, J.I., Hariprasad, S., Mahidhara, R.K. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Gas-Phase Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Powder,” Technical Meeting of the Western States Section, The Combustion Institute, Stanford, California, October 30-31, 1995. 41. Axelbaum, R.L., Buhro, W.E., Kelton, K.F. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Synthesis of Ultrafine Monolithic and Composite Particles,” Joint NSF-NIST Conference on Ultrafine Particle Engineering, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, May 25-27, 1994. 42. Sung, C.J., Yu, G., Axelbaum, R.L., and Law, C.K., “An Experimental and Computational Study on the Structure of Nitrogen-Diluted Near-Stoichiometric Methane/Air Counterflow Flames,” Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Report No. 1988, Princeton, 1993. 43. Sung, C.J., Law, C.K. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Effects of Thermophoresis on Seeding Particles in LDV Measurements of Flames,” Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section, The Combustion Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, October 25-27, 1993. 44. Axelbaum, R.L. Lawton, S.A., Rosen, L.J., Fraser, W.L. and DuFaux, D.P., “Combustion Synthesis of Nanometer-Sized Particles of TiB2,” Technical Meeting of the Western States Section, The Combustion Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 22-23, 1993. 45. Du, J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “CH4 / N2 / O2 Counterflow Diffusion Flames with Varying Stoichiometric Mixture Fraction,” Technical Meeting of the Western States Section, The Combustion Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 22-23, 1993. 46. Rosen, L.J., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Effects of Burner Dimension on the Stability of Corrugated Laminar Flames,” Paper No. 14, Technical Meeting of the Eastern Section, The Combustion Institute, Ithaca, New York, Oct. 1991. 47. Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Dilution and Temperature Effects of Soot Formation in the Coflow Flame,” Paper No. 60 Technical Meeting of the Eastern Section, The Combustion Institute, Albany, New York, Oct. 1989. 48. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “The Influence of Gaseous Additives on the Sooting Limits of Strained Diffusion Flames,” Paper No. 47. Technical Meeting of the Eastern Section, The Combustion Institute, Clearwater Beach, Florida, Dec. 1988. 49. Axelbaum, R.L., Flower, W.L. and Law, C.K., “Fuel Concentration Effects on Soot Formation in a Diffusion Flame,” Sandia Combustion Research Annual Report 1987, SAND88-8004, 1988. 50. Axelbaum, R.L., Flower, W.L. and Law, C.K., “Temperature and Concentration Effects of Inert Addition on Soot Formation in a Counterflow Diffusion Flame,” Paper No. 87-31. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section, The Combustion Institute, Provo, Utah, April, 1987. 51. Axelbaum, R.L., Flower, W.L. and Law, C.K., “Effects of Diffusional Stratification on Soot Formation in a Counterflow Diffusion Flame,” Sandia Combustion Research Annual Report 1986, SAND87-8502, 1987. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 7</p><p>52. Axelbaum, R.L., Law, C.K. and Flower, W.L., “Effects of Diffusional Stratification and Oxygen Addition on Soot Formation in a Counterflow Diffusion Flame,” Paper No. 86-67. Spring Technical Meeting of the Western States Section and Canadian Section, The Combustion Institute, Banff, Alberta, Canada, April, 1986. 53. Brandt, H. and Axelbaum, R.L., “An Analysis of the Effect of Substrate Roughness on the Characteristics of Black Chrome,” Final report to U.C. Appropriate Technology Program, 1985. 54. Axelbaum, R.L. and Brandt, H. “Directional Characteristics of Absorber Surfaces and Glazings,” Final report to U.C. Appropriate Technology Program, 1983.</p><p>Abstracts, Posters and Presentations</p><p>1. Butler, M.S., Moran, C.W., Sunderland, P.B. and Axelbaum, R.L. Fire Safety of Hydrogen Leaks, Second International Energy 2030 Conference, Abu Dhabi, 2009. 2. Lecoustre, V.R., Sunderland, P. B., Chao, B. H., Urban, D. L., Stocker, D. P. and Axelbaum, R. L. Sooting Limits of Ethylene Spherical Diffusion Flames, 32nd International Symposium on Combustion, Montreal, Canada, 2008. 3. Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., Quasi- Steady Microgravity Spherical Ethylene Diffusion Flame, Fire Science Image, International Association of Fire Safety Science, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2008. 4. Butler, M.S., Moran, C.W., Sunderland, P.B. and Axelbaum, R.L. Fire Hazards of Small Leaks in Hydrogen Systems, Poster, International Association of Fire Safety Science, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2008. 5. Skeen, S.A., Axelbaum, R.L. and Kumfer, B.M., Soot Particle Inception with Application to Oxy-fuel Combustion, 26th Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Reno, Nevada, September 24-28, 2007. 6. Lecoustre, V.R., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., Effects of C/O Ratio and Scalar Dissipation Rate on Sooting Limits of Spherical Nonpremixed Flames, Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, Charlottesville, NC, October 22-24, 2007. 7. Lim, K.B., Morton, N.R., Sunderland, P.B., Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., Quenching, Blowoff, and Spontaneous Ignition Limits of Hydrogen Flames and Jets, NIST Fire Conference, Gaithersburg, April 3, 2007. 8. Lim, K.B., Chao, B.H. Sunderland, P.B. Axelbaum, R.L., An Asymptotic Analysis of Spontaneous Ignition of Hydrogen Jets, Combustion Institute Joint Meeting, San Diego, March 25-27, 2007. 9. Lecoustre, V.R., Skeen, S.A., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L. Stocker, D.P., Axelbaum, R.L., A Computational and Analytical Investigation of Sooting Limits of Spherical Diffusion Flames, Combustion Institute Joint Meeting, San Diego, March 25- 27, 2007. 10. Santa, K.J., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., Radiative Extinction of Gaseous Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity, Combustion Institute Joint Meeting, San Diego, March 25-27, 2007. 11. Skeen, S.A., Kumfer, B.M. and Axelbaum, R.L., An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Soot Particle Inception in Laminar Diffusion Flames, Combustion Institute Joint Meeting, San Diego, March 25-27, 2007. 12. Morton, N.R., Sunderland, P.B., Chao, B.H., and Axelbaum, R.L., Quenching Limits and Materials Degradation of Hydrogen Diffusion Flames, Combustion Institute Joint Meeting, San Diego, March 25-27, 2007. 13. Morton, N.R., Sunderland, P.B., Chao, B.H. and Axelbaum, R.L., Fire Hazards of Small Hydrogen Leaks, NHA Hydrogen Conference, San Antonio, Texas, March 21, 2007. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 8</p><p>14. Santa, K.J., Sun, Z., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L., Urban, D.L., and Stocker, D.P., “Numerical and Experimental Observations of Spherical Diffusion Flames,” AIAA Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 2007. 15. Skeen, S.A., Kumfer, B.M., and Axelbaum, R.L., “An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Soot Particle Inception in Laminar Diffusion Flames,” 7th International Aerosol Conference, September 10-15, 2006, St. Paul, Minnesota. 16. Santa, K. J., Sun, Z., Chao, B. H., Sunderland, P. B., Axelbaum, R. L., Urban, D. L. and Stocker, D. P., Numerical and Experimental Observations of Spherical Diffusion Flames, Poster Paper No. 4B13, 31st International Symposium on Combustion, Heidelberg, Germany, August 6-11, 2006. 17. C.J. Unrau, R.L. Axelbaum, P. Biswas, and P. Fraundorf, “Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Oxy-fuel Inverse Diffusion Flames with Online Diagnostics,” 7th International Aerosol Conference, September 10-15, 2006, St. Paul, Minnesota. 18. Santa, K.J., Chao, B.H., Sunderland, P.B., Taylor, J.L., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Radiative Extinction of Gaseous Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity,” AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 9-12 2006. 19. Suriyawong, A., Skeen, S.A., Axelbaum, R.L. and Biswas, P., “Effects of Oxy-Coal Combustion on Product Particle Size Distribution,” 23rd Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference Pittsburgh, PA, September 25-28, 2006. 20. Morton, N.R., Sunderland, P.B, Chao, B.-H., Axelbaum, R.L., “Fire Hazards of Small Hydrogen Leaks,” Bridging the Transition… Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines Symposium, westart.org, San Diego, February 20-22, 2006. 21. Kumfer, B.M., Axelbaum, R.L. and Pitoniak, E., “ Measurement and Analysis of Soot Inception Limits in Oxygen-Enhanced Normal and Inverted Coflow Flames,” 24th Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Austin, Texas, October 17-21, 2005. 22. Unrau, C., Axelbaum, R.L. and Biswas, P., “In Situ Detection and Size Determination of Carbon Nanotubes,” 24th Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Austin, Texas, October 17-21, 2005. 23. Kumfer, B.M., Sun, Z. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Multi-Component Aerosol Dynamics in a Spherical Microgravity Flame,” 24th Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Austin, Texas, October 17-21, 2005. 24. Kumfer, B.M., Biswas, P. and Axelbaum, R.L., Oxy-Combustion: Novel Strategies for Improving Combustion and Multi-Pollutant Control,” Twenty-Second Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 12-15, 2005. 25. Suriyawong, A., Gamble, M., Lee, M.-H., Axelbaum, R.L. and Biswas, P., “Submicrometer Particle Formation and Mercury Speciation under Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Coal Combustion,” ” Twenty-Second Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 12-15, 2005. 26. Zhen, S., Axelbaum, R.L., Chao, B.-H., Santa, K.J., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., and Stocker, D.P., "Numerical and Experimental Observations of Spherical Diffusion Flames," Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA , March 20-23, 2005. 27. Kumfer, B. and Axelbaum, R.L., “A Study of the Criteria for Soot Inception in Oxygen Enhanced Coflow Flames,” 23rd Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Atlanta Georgia, October 4-8, 2004. 28. Kumar P., Biswas, P, Chen, D.-R., Axelbaum, R.L., Indeck, R., “Structure and Magnetic Properties of Flame Aerosol Synthesized Nanoparticles,” 23rd Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Atlanta Georgia, October 4-8, 2004. 29. Taylor, J.L., Sunderland, P.B., Sun, Z., Stocker, D.P., Urban, D.L., Chao, B.-H., and Axelbaum, R.L., Sooting Limits and Extinction of Spherical Diffusion Flames, 30th International Symposium on Combustion, Chicago (2004). Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 9</p><p>30. Sun Z. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Aerosols with Moving Bins,” 22nd Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Anaheim, California, October 20-24, 2003. 31. Axelbaum, R.L., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, S., Stocker, D.P. and Chao, B.H., “Sooting Limits of Diffusion Flames with Oxygen-Enriched Air and Diluted Fuel,” 22nd Annual AAAR Conference, American Association for Aerosol Research, Anaheim, California, October 20-24, 2003. 32. Axelbaum, R.L. Microgravity Combustion, NASA Workshop on Critical Issues in Microgravity Fluids, Transport and Reaction Processes in Advanced Human Support Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, August 11-13, 2003. (Invited) 33. Chen, R. and Axelbaum, R.L., “The Effects of Oxygen-Enriched Air/Diluted Fuel on Extinction of Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” 3rd Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, March 16-19, 2003. 34. Axelbaum, R.L., “Flame Synthesis and Processing of Stable Nonoxide Nanoparticles,” High Temperature Materials, Processes, and Diagnostics, Gordon Research Conference, Colby College, August 4-9, 2002. (Invited) 35. Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Stocker, D.P., Chao, B.–H. and Axelbaum, R.L., Sooting Limits of Microgravity Spherical Diffusion Flames, Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Sapporo (2002). 36. Kumfer, B. M., Sun, Z., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Experimental and Numerical Study of Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Nonoxide Nanoparticles in Microgravity,” 104th Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, St. Louis, Missouri, April 28-May 1, 2002. 37. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Flame Synthesis of Non-Oxide Nanopowders,” 104th Annual Meeting of American Ceramic Society, St. Louis, Missouri, April 28-May 1, 2002. 38. Z. Sun, R.L. Axelbaum and R.W. Davis, “A Sectional Model for Investigating Microcontamination in the Rotating Disk CVD Reactor,” American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, November 6-10, 2000. 39. J.L. Barr and R.L. Axelbaum, “Consolidation of Flame-Generated Salt-Encapsulated Aluminum Nitride Nanoparticles for High Purity Applications,” American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, November 6-10, 2000. 40. P.B. Sunderland, D.L. Urban and R.L. Axelbaum, “Effects of Structure and Hydrodynamics on the Sooting Behavior of Spherical Microgravity Diffusion Flames,” American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, November 6-10, 2000. 41. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Production and Processing of Stable, Non-Oxide, Nanocrystalline Powders,” ASM International Conference, St. Louis, Missouri, October 9-12, 2000. 42. Axelbaum, R.L., Sunderland, P.B., Urban, D.L., Liu, S. Chao, B.-H., “Effects of Structure and Hydrodynamics on the Sooting Behavior of Spherical Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion, July 30 - August 4, 2000. 43. Axelbaum, R.L., “Sodium/halide Flame Deposition Method,” International Conference on Innovative/Cost-Effective Materials Processing Methods, Imperial College, London, July 6-7, 2000. 44. Axelbaum, R.L., “Industrial Applications of Nanoparticles in Developing New Materials,” Tech Fair 2000, St. Louis, Missouri, May 3-4, 2000. 45. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Synthesis of Unagglomerated, Nonoxide Nanophase Powders in a Turbulent Jet Flame,” 1999 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 1999. 46. Sunderland, P.B., Axelbaum, R.L. and Urban, D.L., “Effects of Nitrogen Exchange and Convection on Sooting Properties of Spherical Diffusion Flames in Microgravity,” Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Boulder, Colorado, August 2-7, 1998. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 10</p><p>47. Zhen, S., Huertas, J.I. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Two Component Aerosols in Flames,” Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Boulder, Colorado, August 2-7, 1998. 48. Axelbaum, R.L., “Developments in Sodium/Halide Flame Technology for the Synthesis of Unagglomerated Non-Oxide Nanoparticles,” AAAR ’98 Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 21-26, 1998. 49. Zhen, S. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of Two Component Aerosols,” AAAR ’98 Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 21-26, 1998. 50. Zhen, S. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte Carlo Simulation of In-Situ Particle Encapsulation as a Means of Controlling Agglomeration and Contamination of Nanoparticles,” ESF- NSF Symposium on Aerosols for Nanostructured Materials and Devices, Edinburgh, Scotland, Sept. 12, 1998. 51. Sastry, S.M.L.S. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Measurement Issues for the Optimization of Nanoparticle Synthesis and Consolidation,” DOE Workshop on Instrumentation and Measurement Issues of Nanometer Particles, Minneapolis, Minn. Dec. 5-7 1997. 52. Scurlock, C.T., Axelbaum, R.L., and Zachariah, M.R., “Laser-Induced Particle Atomization Spectroscopy (LIPAS) for In-Situ Characterization of the Elemental Components in Aerosol Growth,” Sixteenth Annual Conference, The American Association for Aerosol Research, Denver, Colorado, October 13 - 17, 1997. 53. Rosen, L.J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Powders,” 1996 Joint Japan - U.S. Workshop on Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications, Tsukuba, Japan, October 28 - November 1, 1996. 54. Zachariah, M.R. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Vapor Phase Encapsulation for Preservation and Enhancement of Nanoparticle Properties,” 1996 Joint Japan - U.S. Workshop on Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications, Tsukuba, Japan, October 28 - November 1, 1996. 55. Huertas, J.I., and Axelbaum, R.L., “Monte-Carlo Simulation of Two-Component Aerosol Processes,” Fifteenth Annual Conference, The American Association for Aerosol Research, Orlando, Fla., October 14-18, 1996. 56. Axelbaum, R.L., Lottes, C.R., Huertas, L.J. and Hariprasad, S., “Gas-Phase Combustion Synthesis of Nano-Particulates of W and W-Ti Composite,” Third International Conference on Nanostructured Materials, Kona, Hawaii, July 8-12, 1996. 57. Zachariah, M.R., Steffens, K.L., DuFaux, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Optical Studies of Titanium Particle Formation in a Sodium Flame,” AAAR ‘95 (American Association for Aerosol Research) Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, October 9-13, 1995. 58. Axelbaum, R.L. DuFaux, D.P., Frey, C.A., Kelton, K.F. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Flame Synthesis and Consolidation of Unagglomerated Nanoparticles of Ti and TiB2.” 1994 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research Society, Boston, MA, November 27-December 2, 1994. 59. DuFaux, D.P. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Nanoscale Unagglomerated Nonoxide Particles from a Sodium Coflow Flame,” Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Combustion, Irvine, California, July 31- August 5, 1994. 60. Du, J. and Axelbaum, R.L., “The Effect of Flame Structure on Soot-Particle Inception in Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Combustion, Irvine, California, July 31- August 5, 1994. 61. Axelbaum, R.L., Bates, S.E., Buhro, W.E., Frey, C.A., Kelton, K.F., Lawton, S.A., Rosen, L.J. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Chemistry and Combustion Synthesis of Nanoparticles of TiB2,” First International Conference on Nanostructured Materials, Cancun, Mexico, Sept 22-26 1992. 62. Axelbaum, R.L., Bates, S.E., Buhro, W.E., Frey, C.A., Kelton, K.F., Lawton, S.A. and Sastry, S.M.L., “Synthesis of Nanometer-Sized Particles of TiB2,” 23rd Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 1992. Publications List RICHARD L. AXELBAUM 11</p><p>63. Im, H.G., Law, C.K. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Opening of the Burke-Schumann Flame Tip and the Effects of Curvature on Diffusion Flame Extinction,” Twenty-Third (International) Symposium on Combustion, Orléans, France, July 22-27, 1990. 64. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “The Influence of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen as Additives on Soot Formation in Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Third (International) Symposium on Combustion, Orléans, France, July 22-27, 1990. 65. Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Soot Formation and Inert Addition in Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Third International Symposium on Combustion, Orléans, France, July 22-27, 1990. 66. Law, C.K. and Axelbaum, R.L., “Chemical Kinetic and Aerodynamic Structures of Flames,” Contractors Meeting in Propulsion, AFOSR and ONR, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 19-23, 1989. 67. Axelbaum, R.L., Law, C.K. and Flower, W.L., “Preferential Diffusion and Concentration Modification in Sooting Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Second (International) Symposium on Combustion, Seattle, WA, August 14-19, 1988. 68. Du, D.X., Axelbaum, R.L. and Law, C.K., “Experiments on Soot Extinction by Aerodynamic Straining in Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Twenty-Second (International) Symposium on Combustion, Seattle, WA, August 14-19, 1988. 69. Raabe, O.G., Braaten, D.A., Axelbaum, R.L. and Teague, S.V., “Calibration and Validation of the DRUM Sampler,” AAAR '85 (American Association for Aerosol Research) Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1985.</p><p>PATENTS</p><p>1. Axelbaum, R.L., Patent No. 4792223, Dec. 20, 1988; “Optical Device,” a novel optical device with simultaneous on- and off-axis fields of view. 2. Axelbaum, R.L., Rosen, L.J. and DuFaux, D.P., Patent No. 5498446, March 12, 1996, “Method and Apparatus for Producing High Purity and Unagglomerated Submicron Particles.” 3. Rosen, L.J., Axelbaum, R.L., Sun, Z. and DuFaux, D.P., Patent No. 7,442,227, October 28, 2008, “Tightly Agglomerated Non-Oxide Particles and Method for Producing the Same.”</p>