<p>PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Properties of Waves Including Light and Sound</p><p>PAL (IGCSE) Single Science Revision Book - Section 3</p><p>Name: ______</p><p>Teacher: ______</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 1 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Syllabus Content______</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 2 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 3 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Syllabus Details______</p><p>3.1 General wave properties Core • Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves Water Surface Oscillation or Rope</p><p>Energy Transfer Forced oscillation</p><p>WAVE MOTION: Waves carry energy without the net movement of particles</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 4 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 5 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Use the term wavefront</p><p>Waves in Water Wave front diagram</p><p>Ray diagram</p><p>WAVEFRONT: Line connecting points with the same phase.</p><p>• Give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude x</p><p>, t T n e m e c a l p</p><p> s A i D</p><p>Time /s</p><p>In Phase positions Mean position x</p><p>,</p><p> t l n e m e c a l p</p><p> s A i D</p><p>Position /m</p><p>One complete oscillation</p><p>Term Symbol Definition Amplitude A Maximum displacement from the mean position Frequency f The number of oscillations that take place in 1 second Wavelength Shortest distance between two points in phase with one another. Wave speed v The speed at which wave fronts pass a </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 6 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p> stationary observer</p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 7 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples</p><p>Transverse Waves Oscillations perpendicular to direction of energy transfer</p><p>Energy transfer</p><p>Longitudinal Waves Oscillations parallel to direction of energy transfer</p><p>Energy transfer</p><p>• Describe the use of water waves to show: – reflection at a plane surface</p><p>Reflection at a plane surface</p><p>Normal</p><p> i r</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 8 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 9 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>– refraction due to a change of speed</p><p>Refraction in water</p><p>Wave Speed High</p><p>Deep water</p><p>Shallow water</p><p>Wave Speed Low</p><p>– diffraction produced by wide and narrow gaps</p><p>Diffraction</p><p>Supplement • Recall and use the equation v = f λ</p><p> v = velocity (wave speed) [m/s] f = frequency [Hz] v = f l l = wavelength [m]</p><p>• Interpret reflection, refraction and diffraction using wave theory</p><p>See above</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 10 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 11 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>3.2 Light 3.2 (a) Reflection of light Core • Describe the formation, and give the characteristics, of an optical image by a plane mirror</p><p>Image: • Imaginary • Upright • Same size as object • Laterally inverted • Same distance from the mirror as the object</p><p>• Use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection</p><p>Mirror Surface</p><p>Angle of Reflection</p><p>Angle of Incidence</p><p>Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection</p><p>Supplement • Perform simple constructions, measurements and calculations</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 12 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 13 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>3.2 (b) Refraction of light Core • Describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light</p><p>A Stick in Water</p><p>Air Water</p><p>• Stick appears closer to the surface of the water than it actually is • Virtual Image</p><p>• Use the terminology for the angle of incidence I and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material normal</p><p>Refraction of Light</p><p>Glass block</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 14 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Refraction of Light</p><p> normal Incident ray Angle of Incidence</p><p>Less Dense Material</p><p>More Dense Material</p><p>Angle of Refracted ray Refraction</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 15 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 16 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Give the meaning of critical angle</p><p>CRITICAL ANGLE: The angle of incidence beyond which light will totally internally reflect</p><p>• Describe internal and total internal reflection</p><p>Partially transmitted Less dense</p><p>Grazing Emerging</p><p>Critical angle Totally Reflected</p><p>Partially reflected More dense</p><p>• If the angle of incidence > critical angle light will totally internally reflect</p><p>Supplement • Recall and use the definition of refractive index n in terms of speed • Recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n</p><p> normal Incident ray</p><p> i Air</p><p>Medium (n)</p><p> r Refracted ray</p><p>Sin i v (air) = n = n Sin r v (medium)</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 17 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 18 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 19 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Describe the action of optical fibres particularly in medicine and communications technology</p><p>Optical Fibers</p><p>Optical Fibers • Light is guided down the fiber. • The light will always internally reflect if the angle of incidence > critical angle • Optical fibers are used… • for transmitting data • for carrying pictures from inside the human body - ENDOSCOPE</p><p>3.2 (c) Thin converging lens Core • Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light • Use the term principal focus and focal length</p><p>Converging Lens Principle focus</p><p> f</p><p>Focal Length</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 20 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 21 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a real image by a single lens</p><p>Distant Object CONVERGING LENS Object</p><p> f f Image</p><p>Object at 2f</p><p>Object</p><p> f f Image</p><p>Object between 2f and f</p><p>Object f f Image</p><p>Supplement • Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image by a single lens</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 22 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Object between f</p><p>Object f f</p><p>Object closer than f</p><p>Image</p><p> f Object f</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 23 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 24 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>Distant Object DIVERGING LENS</p><p>Object f Image f</p><p>Object at f</p><p>Object f Image f</p><p>Object closer than f</p><p>Object</p><p> f Image f</p><p>• Use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass</p><p>Magnifying glass</p><p>Image</p><p> f Object f</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 25 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 26 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>3.2 (d) Dispersion of light Core • Give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as shown by the action on light of a glass prism</p><p>Dispersion of White Light by a Prism</p><p> red Increasing Frequency blue</p><p> The refractive index is different for individual frequencies The degree of refraction will increase with increasing frequency</p><p>3.2 (e) Electromagnetic spectrum Core • Describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and state that all e.m. waves travel with the same high speed in vacuo</p><p>Electromagnetic Spectrum</p><p>Wavelength</p><p>3 x 104 m 3 m 3 x 10-4 m 3 x 10-8 m 3 x 10-12 m</p><p>Infrared Gamma rays Radio waves Ultraviolet</p><p>Microwaves X-rays</p><p>104 Hz 108 Hz 1012 Hz 1016 Hz 1020 Hz</p><p>Frequency 7.5 x 10-7 m 4 x 10-7 m</p><p>4 x 1014 Hz 7.5 x 1014 Hz Visible Light</p><p>The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is constant</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 27 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 28 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 29 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Describe the role of electromagnetic waves in: – radio and television communications (radio waves)</p><p>Radio Waves: Used to transmit radio and television signals from transmitters to houses etc. The information is stored in the frequency and amplitude of the wave</p><p>Modulated Carrier Wave</p><p>For long distance transmission of signals…</p><p>• A high powered carrier wave is used • A low intensity signal is added to the carrier wave • The signal is carried ‘on the back’ of the carrier wave</p><p>Frequency Modulation Amplitidue Modulation</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 30 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 31 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>– satellite television and telephones (microwaves)</p><p>Microwaves: Used to transmit data to and from land based and satellite receivers. These transfer telephone and television signals. Microwaves are effective over long distances</p><p>– electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms (infrared)</p><p>Infrared: Used on remove controls for short transfer of data to the television from the remote control Detected by intruder alarms as IR is strongly emitted from hot objects like humans</p><p>– medicine and security (X-rays)</p><p>X-rays: Used to view inside humans as they are weekly absorbed by skin but more strongly absorbed by bone Used to view inside bags etc as weakly absorbed by the “skin” of a bag but strongly absorbed by metallic objects like knives</p><p>• Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues regarding the use of microwaves and X-rays</p><p>Safety issues of microwaves: </p><p> Microwaves interact very strongly with water causing it to vibrate and so get hot. This will also happen inside the human body as we are predominantly water</p><p>Safety issues of X-rays: </p><p> X-rays are very high energy electromagnetic waves and will have an ionizing effect on the human body. Over exposure to X-rays can cause cancer</p><p>Supplement • State the approximate value of the speed of electro-magnetic waves</p><p>Speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum: 300 000 000 m/s</p><p>• Use the term monochromatic</p><p>Monochromatic light: Light consisting of a single wavelength or frequency</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 32 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 33 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>3.3 Sound Core • Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources • Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves</p><p>Oscillation</p><p>Wave motion</p><p>Oscillating Source Air particles</p><p> The vibrating source “pushes” the air particles The particles in front of the vibrating source also vibrate A longitudinal wave is created</p><p>• State the approximate range of audible frequencies</p><p>Frequency Hz 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000</p><p>Subsonic Human Hearing ultrasonic</p><p>HUMAN HEARING RANGE: 20 – 20000 Hz</p><p>• Show an understanding that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves</p><p> Sound waves are vibrations in air particles If there are no air particles present, no sound can be transmitted</p><p>• Describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air</p><p> Measure out a distance of a few 100 meters Have one person with a starter pistol at one end of the measured distance At the other end of the measured distance a person measures the time between seeing the smoke from the starter pistol and hearing the sound We can assume that the light from the smoke gets to the timer immediately as the speed of light is much faster than sound. The speed of sound can be calculated from the distance and time interval</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 34 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 35 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 36 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency</p><p>High frequency = High Pitch Low frequency = Low Pitch</p><p>Low amplitude = Quiet High amplitude = Load</p><p>• Describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo</p><p>Echo</p><p>Sound waves</p><p>Supplement • Describe compression and rarefaction Longitudinal Waves</p><p>Compression</p><p>Rarefaction</p><p>COMPRESSION: Area of high pressure</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 37 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>RAREFRACTION: Area of low pressure</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 38 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>NOTES PAGE </p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 39 PAL (IGCSE) – PHYSICS Section 3 Properties of Waves, including Light and Sound </p><p>• State the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in air, liquids and solids</p><p>SPEED OF SOUND:</p><p> AIR = ~340 m/s LIQUIDS = ~1500 m/s (water) SOLIDS = ~5000 m/s (steel)</p><p>DIPONT Educational Resource – Science 40</p>
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