<p>Honors Biology Reading Guide Chapter 37: Communities and Ecosystems</p><p>Name Period </p><p>Chapter 37: Communities and Ecosystems</p><p>37.1 A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area</p><p>1. What is a community? List 6 organisms that would be found in our schoolyard community.</p><p>2. How do ecologists define the boundaries of a community?</p><p>3. Why is community ecology necessary?</p><p>37.2 Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure</p><p>4. This section will look at interspecific interactions. Be clear on the meaning of the prefix! To begin, distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Give an example of each.</p><p>Type of Explanation Example competition Intraspecific Competition</p><p>Interspecific Competition</p><p>1 5. How do ecologists go about classifying the type of interspecific interactions within a community? Provide an example from the introduction to the chapter on hippos and the type of effect.</p><p>6. Describe the effect of the interspecific interaction mutualism.</p><p>7. Describe the interspecific interaction of predation and its effect.</p><p>8. What type of interaction is herbivory?</p><p>37.3 Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited</p><p>9. Define ecological niche.</p><p>10. When does interspecific competition occur?</p><p>11. What affect does competition do to the carrying capacity of a population?</p><p>12. What affect does interspecific competition have on all populations involved in the competition?</p><p>37.4 Mutualism benefits both partners</p><p>13. What affect does mutualism have on a population?</p><p>14. Give a brief description of mutualistic interaction between 2 populations.</p><p>2 37.5 Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species</p><p>15. What affect does predation have on the populations involved?</p><p>16. Predation is a term you probably already know. Can you give examples of some predator-prey combinations as listed below?</p><p>Predator Prey Example Animal Animal</p><p>Animal Plant</p><p>Fungus Animal</p><p>Bacteria Animal</p><p>Fungus Plant</p><p>17. Predation causes a variety of adaptations by prey to avoid being detected and/or eaten. List 3 adaptions that prey have developed for protection against predators.</p><p>37.6 Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants</p><p>18. What affect does herbivory have on the populations involved?</p><p>19. Herbivory causes a variety of adaptations by plants to avoid being eaten. List 3 adaptions that plants have developed for protection against herbivores.</p><p>20. Due to the interactions between herbivores and plants, plants have evolved a variety of adaptations to prevent being eaten. Like wise, herbivores have also evolved a variety of adaptations to overcome a plants defense mechanisms. Describe the concept of coevolution.</p><p>3 21. Explain how coevolution occurs.</p><p>22. Provide one example of coevolution between two populations.</p><p>Your text uses +/-/0 symbols to indicate how interspecific interactions affect survival and reproduction of the two species. Use this notation for each of these interactions.</p><p>Type of Interaction +/+, +/-, -/-, +/0 Predation Mutualism Interspecific competition Herbivory</p><p>37.8 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics</p><p>23. Explain what a trophic structure is.</p><p>24. What is the sequence of food transfer up a trophic level called?</p><p>25. What organism make up the foundation/bottom of a food chain?</p><p>26. Provide an example of an organism at each level of a food chain (producer through quaternary)</p><p>27. What role do detrivores and decomposers have within a food chain?</p><p>37.9 Food chains interconnect, forming food webs</p><p>28. Explain what a food web is.</p><p>4 37.12 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities</p><p>29. Ecological succession is the change in species that occupy an area after a disturbance. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?</p><p>37.14 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling</p><p>30. What is the difference between energy flow and chemical cycling in an ecosystem?</p><p>31. Provide and example of energy flow within an ecosystem.</p><p>32. Provide an example of chemical flow within an ecosystem.</p><p>37.16 Energy supply limits the length of food chains</p><p>33. Explain why there is a loss of energy in each transfer in a food chain.</p><p>34. What amount of available energy in each trophic level actually gets transferred to the next trophic level?</p><p>5 37.19 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration</p><p>35. Explain the carbon cycle by completing the following diagram. For each step give a brief description of what is happening.</p><p>6 37.21 The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria</p><p>36. Why is nitrogen essential to all living things?</p><p>37. What are the 2 abiotic reservoirs of nitrogen?</p><p>38. What is the problem with the atmospheric reservoir of nitrogen and how is this problem overcome?</p><p>39. Explain the nitrogen cycle by completing the following diagram. For each step give a brief description of what is happening.</p><p>7 8</p>