<p>Joints Notes</p><p>Which types of joints move not at all, move a little, move freely?</p><p>Be familiar with general architecture of a synovial joint, including cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, tendons, ligaments, bursae, tendon sheaths, periosteum.</p><p>Be able to identify examples of types of joints: plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball & socket. Example: if a diagram points to an intervertebral joint, you should know that it is a plane joint (gliding).</p><p>Recognize ab/adduction, flexion/extension, lateral/medial rotation (also known as external/internal rotation).</p><p>Recognize varus and valgus at joints such as elbow, knee, hallux.</p><p>Recognize inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion at ankle, pronation/supination of forearm and ankle.</p><p>Specific joints: Be familiar with details about the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle joints, as discussed in class. This includes major ligaments crossing each joint and functions thereof, labrums where applicable, etc. </p><p>Shoulder: Glenohumeral joint. Ball & socket. Humeral head, glenoid fossa, labrum. Ligaments. Bursae, tendon sheath.</p><p>Elbow: Humero-ulnar joint=hinge; proximal radio-ulnar=pivot. Ligaments: LCL=RCL; MCL=UCL; annular ligament. Which ligament opposes valgus stress and is fixed in Tommy John surgery? Proximal radioulnar joint = pivot for pronate/supinate, which you should be able to distinguish. </p><p>Hip: Ball & socket. Femoral head, acetabulum, labrum. Easier or harder to dislocate than shoulder? Why? Ligaments from ischium, pubic bone, & ilium to femur, each with corresponding name; ligamentum teres.</p><p>Knee: Mainly a hinge joint between femur & tibia, with limited internal/external rotation also possible. 4,3,2,1: Four major ligaments (ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL) and their functions. Three joints within the knee joint. Two menisci. One patellar ligament. Injury from lateral blow – what is often damaged?</p><p>Ankle: Talocrural & subtalar joints; distal tibiofibular joint. High and low ankle sprains – what structures or joints are damaged? Which type of low ankle sprain (inversion or eversion) is more common, and what ligaments are damaged in each type? (Deltoid? Talofibular? Calcaneofibular?) </p><p>Know what bursitis, tendonitis are.</p><p>Know the essential differences between osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).</p>