<p> Sharp</p><p>Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition</p><p>Overview: The Need to Feed- heterotrophs, herbivores, autotrophs, carnivores, omnivores, fuel, organic raw materials, essential nutrients, suspension feeders, substrate feeders, fluid feeders, bulk feeders</p><p>41.1 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal’s energy budget  Intro- oxidation of energy rich molecules, carbohydrates, proteins, fats  Glucose Regulation as an Example of Homeostasis- glycogen, fat, adipose, glucose  Caloric Imbalance- caloric imbalance, undernourishment, overnourishment, World Health Organization, obesity, leptin, fat hoarding</p><p>Concept Check- 1,2,3</p><p>41.2 An animals diet must supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients  Intro- carbon skeletons, essential nutrients, osteophagia  Essential Amino Acids- 20 amino acids, essential amino acids, edema  Vitamins- vitamins  Minerals- minerals</p><p>Concept Check- 1,2,3</p><p>41.3 The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination  Intro- ingestion, digestion, enzymatic hydrolysis, absorption, elimination  Digestive Compartments- intercellular digestion, extracellular digestion, gastrovascular cavity, mouth, anus, complete digestive tract, alimentary canal, </p><p>Concept Check- 1,2</p><p>41.4 Each organ of the mammalian digestive system has specialized food-processing functions  Intro- accessory glands, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder  The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus- oral cavity, saliva, salivary amylase, bolus, pharynx, esophagus, trachea, peristalsis  The Stomach- gastric juice, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, pepsinogen, acid chyme, pyloric sphincter  The Small Intestine- small intestine, duodenum, bicarbonate, carbohydrate digestion, pancreatic amylases, disaccharides, protein digestion, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic carboxypeptidase, dipeptidases, carboxypeptidases, aminopeptidase, pancreatic nucleases, nucleotidases, nucleosidases, phosphatases, bile salts, pancreatic lipase villi, microvilli, lacteal, simple diffusion  The Large Intestine- large intestine, colon, cecum, appendix, rectum Sharp</p><p>Concept Check- 1,2,3,4,5</p><p>41.5 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems are often associated with diet  Some Dental Adaptations- dentition, incisors, canines, premolars, molars  Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations- herbivores generally have longer alimentary canals  Symbiotic Adaptations- fermentation chambers, symbiotic microorganisms, cellulose, ruminants</p><p>Concept Check- 1,2,3</p><p>Testing Your Knowledge 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10</p>