<p>11 June 2013 Appendices Supplementary Table S-1: Focal sampling locations and number of Arctium minus populations sampled in the region surrounding each location. Locations other than Moosonee were revisited in </p><p>September so that mature capitulae could be collected.</p><p>Location Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Number of Principal sampling Populations date Newmarket (KSR) 44°01'48" 79°31'51" 8 3/8/2010 Peterborough 44°18'00" 78°19'00" 7 5/8/2010 Barrie 44°24'48" 79°40'48" 10 6/8/2010 Bracebridge 45°02'20" 79°18'28" 9 7/8/2010 Huntsville 45°19'35" 79°13'00" 10 9/8/2010 Parry Sound 45°20'52" 80°02'04" 8 11/8/2010 Manitoulin Island 45°42'09" 82°02'13" 10 14/8/2010 North Bay 46°19'08" 79°26'03" 9 12/8/2010 Kirkland 48°09'00" 80°02'00" 10 16/8/2010 Timmins 48°21'14" 81°09'05" 10 18/8/2010 Cochrane 49°03'54" 81°01'47" 10 19/8/2010 Moosonee 51°17'29" 80°36'44" 6 31/7/2011</p><p>1 Supplementary Table S-2: Invertebrate herbivores frequently found on Arctium minus, sampled </p><p>May - August 2011.</p><p>Damage Type Herbivore Family Authority Capitular Damage Metzneria lappella Gelechiidae Linnaeus, 1758 Serpentine Miner Liriomyza arctii Agromyzidae Spencer, 1969 Blotch Miner Calycomyza flavinotum Agromyzidae Frick, 1956 Ragged Holes Dryocoetes sp. Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 Herpetogramma pertextalis Crambidae Lederer, 1863 Hispinae sp. Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 Melanoplus sp. Acrididae MacLeay, 1819 Spharagemon sp. Acrididae MacLeay, 1819 Trochulus sp. Hygromiidae (snail) Hartman, 1840 Smooth Holes Calligrapha sp. Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 Draeculacephala sp. Cicadellidae Latreille, 1802 - Psychidae Boisduval, 1828 Spotting / other - Aphididae Linnaeus, 1758 - Cicadellidae Latreille, 1802 Philaenus spumarius Aphrophoridae Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>2 Supplementary Table S-3: DNA barcoding sequences. Samples of herbivores were sent to the </p><p>Barcoding of Life project at the University of Guelph for DNA barcoding analysis . The marker sequenced was the COI – 5P Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 5' region and was 658bp long. </p><p>Sequences were matched to the BOLD database (http://www.boldsystems.org/views/login.php).</p><p>Sample ID: J1X3LB Identified as: Eupsilia morrisoni (Noctuidae): match = 100% AACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTAGGAACTTCTCTAAGATT ATTAATTCGTGCTGAATTAGGAAATCCTGGCTCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTA TAATACTATTGTTACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCAATTA TAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGACTTGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATGG CATTTCCTCGATTAAATAATATAAGTTTTTGATTACTCCCCCCTTCTTTAACTTTATTA ATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACAGGATGAACAGTGTACCCCCC ACTTTCATCTAATATTGCACATGGAGGAAGATCTGTAGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCTTTA CATTTAGCAGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGTGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTA ATATACGATTAAATAGTTTATCTTTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTATTTGAGCAGTAGG AATTACTGCATTCTTATTATTACTGTCATTACCTGTATTGGCTGGAGCTATTACAATA TTATTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACATCATTTTTTGACCCTGCTGGTGGAGGAGAT CCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Sample ID: J8Y1SLM Identified as: Liriomyza arctii (Agromyzidae): match = 88% (to Liriomyza), 90% (to Agromyzidae) AACATTATATTTTATATTCGGAGCTTGAGCTGGAATAGTGGGAACTTCTCTTAGAAT CCTTATTCGAGCTGAATTAGGGCACCCAGGTGCTTTAATTGGTGATGATCAAATTTA TAATGTTATTGTAACTGCCCATGCATTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATTA TAATCGGAGGATTTGGAAACTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATGCTTGGTGCTCCAGATATAG CATTTCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGTTTCTGATTATTACCTCCAGCTTTAACTCTTTT ATTAATAAGCAGTATAGTAGAAAATGGGGCTGGTACAGGGTGAACCGTATATCCCC CTCTTTCTTCCATTATTGCCCACGGTGGGGCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCATTA CATTTAGCTGGAATTTCCTCTATTTTAGGAGCTGTAAATTTTATTACAACAATTATCA ATATACGATCTACAGGGATTAGATTTGACCGAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGATCAGTATT AATTACTGCAGTATTATTATTATTATCCCTACCTGTACTAGCCGGTGCTATTACTATA TTACTAACAGATCGAAATTTTAATACATCATTTTTTGACCCTGCGGGTGGGGGGGAC CCAATTTTATACCAACATCTATTT</p><p>3 Sample ID: J132LLR Identified as: Herpetogramma pertextalis (Crambidae): match = 100% AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTAGGAACATCATTAAGTTT ATTAATTCGAGCTGAATTAGGTAATCCAGGTTCATTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTA TAATACTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTCATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATT ATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTTCCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATA GCTTTTCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGACTTCTTCCTCCCTCACTAATATTAT TAATTTCTAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTACCCC CCACTGTCATCTAATATTGCCCATGGAGGAAGATCAGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCCT TACATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCTATTTTAGGTGCAATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTAT TAATATACGAATTAATGGTATAAATTTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTA GGAATTACAGCTTTATTATTATTACTTTCATTACCTGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACAA TACTTTTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACATCTTTCTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAG ATCCTATCCTCTATCAACATTTATTT</p><p>Sample ID: S7X1BLM Identified as: Calycomyza flavinotum (Agromyzidae): match > 99% AACTTTATATTTTATATTTGGAGCTTGATCAGGTATAGTAGGAACTTCTTTAAGTATT TTAATTCGAGCTGAATTGGGACACCCAGGAGCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTAT AATGTAATTGTAACTGCACACGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCAATTA TAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAACTGATTAGTACCCCTAATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAG CTTTTCCTCGAATAAATAATATGAGTTTTTGATTACTACCCCCTGCTTTAACTTTATT ATTAACAAGCAGAATAGTTGAAAATGGGGCTGGAACAGGTTGAACTGTTTACCCTC CTCTTTCTTCAGTAATTGCTCATGGAGGAGCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTT CACTTAGCAGGTATTTCTTCAATCTTAGGAGCCGTAAACTTTATTACAACAGTAATT AATATACGATCAACAGGAATTACTTTTGATCGAATACCTTTATTTGTATGATCTGTA GTAATTACTGCAGTATTATTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTATTAGCTGGTGCTATTACAA TATTATTAACAGACCGAAACTTTAATACTTCTTTTTTCGATCCAGCAGGGGGAGGAG ATCCTATTTTATATCAACACCTTTTT</p><p>Sample ID: ARC-IND9 Identified as: Metzneria lappella (Gelechiidae): match = 100% AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCTGGAATAGTTGGAACATCTTTAAGTTTA TTAATTCGGGCAGAATTAGGAAATCCTGGATCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTAT AATACTATTGTCACAGCTCATGCCTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTA TAATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTACCATTAATATTAGGGGCCCCAGATATAG CTTTCCCCCGAATAAATAATATAAGTTTTTGACTTTTACCCCCATCATTAACTCTTTT AATTTCAAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGAGCTGGTACCGGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCC ACTATCATCTAATATCGCACATGGAGGAAGATCTGTTGATCTAGCAATTTTTTCTCTT CATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGTGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACTATTATTA ATATAAAAATTAATGGATTATCATTTGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGAGCAGTTGG AATTACAGCTCTTCTTCTTCTTTTATCTTTACCAGTTCTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATAT TATTAACAGATCGTAACTTAAATACATCTTTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGAGGGGGAGATC CAATTTTATACCAACATTTATT</p><p>4 Supplementary Table S-4: Pearson linear correlation coefficients (r) and p-values for average growth and damage characteristics of pooled Arctium populations.</p><p>Height of Basal leaves Capitulae per Proportion of leaf adult (cm) per plant plant area damaged by herbivores Diameter of r = 0.445 r = 0.582 r = 0.729 r = -0.402 Stem (cm) n = 105 n = 99 n = 105 n = 103 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 Height of Adult - r = 0.121 r = 0.630 r = -0.232 (cm) n = 99 n = 105 n = 103 p = 0.232 p < 0.001 p=0.019 Basal Leaves - r = 0.424 r = -0.520 per Plant n = 99 n = 97 p < 0.001 p<0.001 Capitulae per - r = -0.324 plant n = 103 p = 0.001</p><p>5 Supplementary Table S-5: Summarized characteristics Arctium plants (mean ± standard deviation) including number of capitulae and basal </p><p> leaves, as well as diameter and height of mature plants, number of mature plants, number of rosettes, and total number of plants per focal </p><p> location, ordered by increasing latitude. Data represent means of independent populations centred around that focal sampling point (Table S-1).</p><p>The pooled means across all locations were 1.942 ± 0.609 for diameter, 131.01 ± 30.10 for height, 138.13 ± 69.57 for number of capitulae, </p><p>2.572 ± 1.37 for basal leaves, 13.68 for total adults, 21.99 for rosettes and 30.23 for total plant density, n = a maximum of 107 populations.</p><p>Location Populations Diameter (cm) Height (cm) Capitulae Basal Leaves Adults Rosettes Total plants Newmarket 8 1.76±0.409 123.10±35.90 153.90±121.70 0.86±0.538 13.88±8.71 13.87±6.56 27.75±11.32 (KSR) Peterborough 7 1.74±0.321 144.46±18.24 147.10±58.00 2.20±0.622 11.29±5.41 28.10±31.80 39.40±36.00 Barrie 10 1.87±0.359 139.10±37.90 149.40±45.30 1.78±0.545 10.10±4.31 28.50±6.28 38.60±6.74 Bracebridge 9 1.45±0.542 105.23±29.17 110.50±89.80 1.54±0.930 11.33±12.12 22.89±19.23 34.22±25.57 Huntsville 10 1.95±0.622 120.96±29.38 125.34±31.40 1.94±0.490 10.50±7.95 15.00±6.68 25.50±10.30 Parry Sound 8 1.45±0.514 133.05±27.87 86.70±44.70 1.80±0.338 6.63±1.88 15.75±10.36 22.38±11.73 North Bay 9 1.47±0.285 113.91±23.66 100.40±43.20 2.67±1.100 15.10±5.85 30.60±41.40 45.70±42.70 Manitoulin 10 2.50±0.709 140.50±39.60 127.30±51.70 3.36±0.863 15.44±15.45 23.78±22.86 39.22±36.70 Island Kirkland Lake 10 2.07±0.408 128.54±20.34 136.70±59.60 3.80±0.938 15.30±12.37 34.70±24.81 50.00±36.10 Timmins 10 2.38±0.580 150.84±23.82 177.70±73.90 3.26±1.143 23.90±16.69 25.60±19.69 49.50±35.70 Cochrane 10 2.41±0.523 139.30±14.80 195.00±73.60 4.22±1.926 27.90±18.94 38.70±19.88 66.60± 33.70 Moosonee 6 2.76±0.803 167.30±51.60 329.30±186.9 No data 20.17±20.39 6.83±6.55 27.00±26.80</p><p>6 Supplementary Figure S-1. a) b)</p><p>Supplementary Fig. S-1. 1a) Average stem diameter of mature Arctium minus plants vs. </p><p>2 2 latitude; N = 105 populations.  1 = 24.055, p < 0.001, y= -4.69 + 0.14x, R = 0.20; 1b) Average </p><p>2 total (viable + parasitised) seeds per Arctium minus plant vs. latitude; N = 56 populations.  1 = </p><p>25.00, p < 0.001, y = -38299.40 + 925.29x, R2 = 0.36; this relationship remains highly significant</p><p>2 even if Moosonee populations are excluded ( 1 = 17.14, p < 0.001)</p><p>7</p>