<p> Study guide – AP Biology Exam-day Test</p><p>Major concepts to look over:</p><p>Evolution</p><p>Biochemistry / Molecular Biology</p><p>Genetics and Gene Expression / Regulation</p><p>Biological Systems</p><p>Evolution </p><p> Natural selection as a major, nonrandom mechanism of evolution</p><p> Evolutionary fitness</p><p> The role of mutations and genetic variation in evolution</p><p> Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (in other words, conditions for a population NOT to evolve)</p><p> Genetic drift as a result of the founder effect or the bottleneck effect</p><p> Fossil evidence for evolution</p><p> Homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures</p><p> Development of new species – requires reproductive isolation, which could be geographical, behavioral, temporal, physical</p><p> Origins of life on earth – evidence that early organic compounds could be synthesized abiotically, RNA World Hypothesis</p><p>Biochemistry / Molecular Biology</p><p> Atoms – protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, ions, valence and electron orbitals</p><p> Bonding – ionic, covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals</p><p> Properties of water – Surface tension, cohesion/adhesion, polarity</p><p> Structures / functions of macromolecules – Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</p><p> Chemical reactions and energy – Endergonic/exergonic, endothermic/exothermic, anabolic/catabolic, +/- ΔG, activation energy</p><p> Enzymes and their role in organisms</p><p> Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration, including o Redox reactions</p><p> o Generation of an electrochemical gradient to fuel ATP synthesis</p><p> o Chemiosmosis, photophosphorylation</p><p> Fermentation – alcohol and lactic acid</p><p> Maintenance of homeostasis by the cell membrane</p><p>Genetics and Gene Expression/Regulation</p><p> DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, differences between DNA and RNA</p><p> Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic gene regulation – operons, RNA modifications, regulatory genes and transcription factors</p><p> Signal-transduction pathways are linked to gene expression; ligands and second messengers play a major role in this process</p><p> Mendelian genetics – dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, linked genes, sex- linked traits, pedigrees, Punnett squares, and probabilities</p><p> Laws of segregation and independent assortment</p><p> Mitosis & meiosis, comparing/contrasting the 2 processes</p><p> Genetic disorders are a result of gene mutations, including insertions, deletions, and substitutions, or from chromosomal nondisjunction events</p><p> Viruses affect the gene expression of the hosts they infect</p><p>Biological systems</p><p> Structures / functions of cell organelles and how they interact to form a working system</p><p> Xylem and phloem help the leaves and roots of plants work as a system</p><p> The structure of an ecological community is measured and described in terms of its species composition and species diversity</p><p> Food webs demonstrate the interactions and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem</p><p> Human impacts cause major disruptions in ecosystems, ultimately affecting the extinction rates of species</p><p> Energy flows in a single direction, while matter is recycled in an ecosystem</p><p> Competition for resources between organisms can be described by the logistic population growth model</p><p> Bacterial communities function as a unit through quorum sensing  Organisms may interact with each other symbiotically through mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic relationships</p><p>Short-answer section: This will involve some maths! Here are some things you will want to revisit:</p><p> Water potential – calculating water potential / determining tonicity based on calculations</p><p> Genetic linkage – determining if genes are linked using crossover frequency data</p><p> Mendelian genetics – based on a di- or trihybrid cross, predict offspring probabilities</p><p> Ecology / Ecosystems – interpretation of population models and predicting population size</p><p> Chi-squared calculations – really any set of data could apply here, just know how to use the data and formula</p>