<p> Chapter 4: ANCIENT INDIA The Indus and Ganges River Valleys (SECTION 1)</p><p>I. Life in the Indus River Valley A. India’s Geographic Setting</p><p>1. subcontinent-large landmass that juts out from a continent 2. limited contact with rest of world</p><p> a. Himalaya Mountains b. Hindu Kush mountain range</p><p> c. Arabian Sea d. Indian Ocean</p><p> e. Bay of Bengal B. A Climate of Monsoons</p><p>1. monsoon-strong winds blow across region at certain times during year a. winterOct. to May—wind from NE, spreads dry air </p><p> b. summerMid June—wind from Indian Ocean, carries rain 2. People depended on summer monsoons for farming</p><p>C. Barriers and Pathways 1. Hindu Kush mountain range has passes to travel through</p><p>2. Rivers a. Indus—flows from Himalayas to Arabian Sea</p><p> b. Ganges—flows from Himalayas to Bay of Bengal II. Life in the Indus River Valley</p><p>A. Rich soil Surplus of foodpopulation grew B. Cities formed</p><p>1. Harappa 2. Mohenjo-Daro</p><p>C. Ancient City Planners 1. Carefully planned</p><p>2. Citadels-fortresses, the highest point 3. Built above ground level to prevent flooding</p><p>4. Many buildings: homes, workshops, storehouses, bathhouses 5. Grid-like streets-separated homes and buildings</p><p>6. Drainage system and canals</p><p>D. Life in Mohenjo-Daro 1. Merchants and artisans 2. Homes opened into courtyards</p><p>3. Had leisure time: toys, pets, games, music</p><p>4. Language, government, religion—unknown</p><p>5. Polytheistic 6. Traded w/ Mesopotamia</p><p>I. A Mysterious Decline A. Farmers left Indus valley</p><p>B. Don’t know why C. Newcomers from north settled valley</p><p>III. A New Culture Arises</p><p>A. Aryan Culture Spreads</p><p>1. Migrated-(moved ) from central Asia into India (around 2000 B.C)</p><p>2. Spread into Ganges valley</p><p>3. N. India learned to make tools/weapons from iron</p><p>4. Able to build farms, villages, cities</p><p>B. Aryan Life</p><p>1. Vedas-religious books “knowledge”</p><p>2. 3 main classes</p><p> a. Priests-“Brahmans”</p><p> b. Warriors/ nobles</p><p> c. Artisans/ merchants</p><p> d. Low-ranking class—farm workers, laborers, servants C. The Social Order</p><p>1. Caste (class) system</p><p>2. Each caste had special duties</p><p>3. Had to stay in parents’ caste</p><p>4. Could not leave casteWould become “outcast” </p><p>5. Still exists today, but less strict Hinduism in Ancient India (SECTION 2)</p><p>IV. The Beginnings of Hinduism</p><p>A. A Blend of Religions 1. Way of life for more than 850 million people </p><p>2. No one single founder</p><p>3. Brahman—1 single spiritual power—lives in everything</p><p>II. Hindu Gods and Goddesses 1. Most important gods: </p><p> a. Brahma—“the Creator,” –created Earth and everything on it</p><p> b. Vishnu—“the Preserver”—guides/ protects humans from disaster</p><p> c. Shiva—“the Destroyer”—responsible for creative/ destructive forces of the universe</p><p>2. Avatar—representation of a Hindu god/ goddess</p><p>V. The Teachings of Hinduism</p><p>A. The Upanishads 1. One of the Hindu religious texts</p><p>2. “sitting near a teacher”</p><p>III. Reincarnation 1. Rebirth of the soul</p><p>2. When a person dies, their soul is reborn in the body of another living thing</p><p>3. Good behavior is rewarded, bad behavior is punished</p><p>4. If a person leads a perfect (faithful) lifemay be freed from cycle and soul becomes one w/ brahman</p><p>IV. A Hindu’s Duties 1. Must obey dharma to escape the cycle</p><p>2. Dharma-religious and moral duties of each person</p><p>3. Ahimsa-nonviolence</p><p>4. Karma- caused by a person’s good and bad acts (“What goes around comes around”) VI. The Practice of Hinduism</p><p>V. The Yogas 1. Help free the soul from cares of the world, help soul unite w/ brahman</p><p>2. Physical activity</p><p>3. Selfless deeds</p><p>4. Learning the sacred writings</p><p>5. Honoring a personal god</p><p>VI. Private Devotion 1. Pray in public in temples</p><p>2. Show devotion at home</p><p>The Beginnings of Buddhism (SECTION 3)</p><p>VII. Siddhartha Gautama</p><p>A. Young prince had never witnessed old age, sickness, death</p><p>B. At 30, traveled outside palace and witnessed suffering and death</p><p>C. Gave up wealth, his family, his life to find the cause</p><p>D. After 7 years he discovered the answer</p><p>VIII. The Buddha and His Teachings</p><p>A. The Search for Understanding</p><p>1. meditated-focused mind inward to find spiritual awareness</p><p>2. Found answers to his questions</p><p>3. Was called Buddha or “Enlightened One”</p><p>4. Teachings known as Buddhism</p><p>B. The Middle Way</p><p>1. Buddhism teaches people to follow Eightfold Path, or Middle Way to be free from suffering</p><p>2. Avoid life of extreme pleasure or extreme unhappiness 3. Selfish desires cause suffering</p><p>C. Release from Reincarnation</p><p>1. Act unselfishly</p><p>2. Treat people fairly</p><p>3. Tell the truth</p><p>4. Avoid violence/ killing of any living thing</p><p>5. Follow Buddha’s path</p><p> a. Suffering will end</p><p> b. Can reach nirvana-lasting peace released from cycle of reincarnation</p><p>D. Followers of Buddhism</p><p>1. Believe all people are equal 2. Priests</p><p>3. Missionaries-people who devote their lives to religious groups, spreading their beliefs to others</p><p>IX. Buddhism Inside and Outside of India</p><p>A. Hindus and Buddhists: Shared Beliefs (and differences)</p><p>1. BOTH value non-violence</p><p>2. BOTH believe in dharma</p><p>3. BOTH believe in cycle or rebirth </p><p>4. Buddhists do not embrace texts of Hinduism</p><p>5. Most Hindus don’t worship Buddha as an avatar</p><p>B. Buddhism Spreads to Other Countries</p><p>1. Missionaries/ traders spread Buddha’s message through Asia</p><p>2. China, Koreas, Japan, Tibet, Vietnam Empires of Ancient India (SECTION 4)</p><p>X. The Rise of the Maurya Empire</p><p>A. Chandragupta Maurya-founded Maurya Empire</p><p>1. Strong armies overthrew kingdoms along Ganges, Indus River valley</p><p>2. Power extended through most of northern and central India</p><p>B. Absolute Rule</p><p>1. Chandragupta believed in having absolute power</p><p>2. Huge army, 9000 war elephants</p><p>3. Economic success from farming and trade w/ Greece, Rome, China</p><p>4. Chandragupta lived in fear</p><p>C. Chandragupta’s Legacy</p><p>1. Used wealth to improve empire</p><p> a. irrigation systems</p><p> b. cleared forests and produced more food</p><p> c. gov’t officials promoted crafts and mining</p><p> d. network of roads helped traders</p><p>2. Leadership brought order and peace</p><p>XI. Asoka’s Leadership</p><p>A. Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson</p><p>B. The Battle of Kalinga</p><p>1. At first, Asoka was warlike, conquered new territories</p><p>2. 261 B.C., won bloody battle in Kalinga became sad afterwards</p><p>3. Gave up war/ violence</p><p>3. Freed prisoners/ restored land</p><p>4. Converted-(changed beliefs) to Buddhism 5. Spread message of Buddhism to people in empire</p><p>C. The Buddhist Ruler</p><p>1. Practiced teachings of Buddha</p><p>2. Thought of his people as his children</p><p>3. Built hospitals, dug wells</p><p>4. Issued writings of moral advice</p><p>5. Encouraged people to behave with tolerance-freedom from prejudice</p><p>6. Sent missionaries to Sri Lanka, China, S.E. Asia, Korea, Japan</p><p>XII. The Gupta Empire</p><p>A. After Asoka diedMaurya Empire weakened, split into smaller states</p><p>B. A.D. 320Gupta Dynasty rose to power</p><p>C. Built empire across northern India</p><p>D. Invasions from Central Asia weakened the empiresplit into small states</p><p>E. Advancements</p><p>1. Invention of printing cloth</p><p>2. Schools of philosophy</p><p>3. Math—invention of decimal point, system of numbers</p><p>______</p><p>Additional Information to Study from:</p><p>-Review and Assessment—p. 131 in textbook</p><p>-Section Quizzes</p><p>-Chart/ Table notes from 2/28</p><p>-Buddhism notes (Eightfold Path, Middle Way, Four Noble Truths, etc.)</p><p>-Review “Indus Valley Field Trip” </p>