<p> A summary of the orogenies that affected the UK</p><p>THE CALEDONIAN OROGENY</p><p>Effects seen in Scotland, the Southern Uplands, the Lake District and Snowdonia</p><p>Effects seen in Pre-Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian rocks</p><p>Occurred between 600 & 400Ma</p><p>Created the Caledonian fold belt</p><p>A result of the Laurentian continent (Greenland and Canada) colliding with Gondwanaland (Scandanavia and Baltic continent)</p><p>Involved the closure of the Iapetus Ocean – between Scotland and England</p><p>Resulted in volcanics in Snowdonia (Mount Snowdon) and the Lake District (ScaFell Pike, Old Man of Coniston etc.)</p><p>Main trend of fold axes = NE-SW Associated with the Moine Thrust, the Highland Boundary Fault, the Great Glen Fault and the Southern Uplands Fault – with NE-SW trends</p><p>Associated with major intrusions in Scotland eg. the Carrock Fell gabbro</p><p>THE VARISCAN OROGENY</p><p>Also known as the AMORICAN OROGENY</p><p>Also known as the HERCYNIAN OROGENY</p><p>Effects seen in Devon and Cornwall, South Wales, and northern England</p><p>Effects seen in Devonian & Carboniferous rocks</p><p>Occurred about 290Ma</p><p>Created the Variscan mountain belt</p><p>A result of southern Europe colliding with the Caledonian continent to from Pangaea - supercontinent Involved the closure of the Rheic Ocean – between South Wales and Devon and Cornwall</p><p>Resulted in intrusions and volcanics in Devon and Cornwall – including the Cornubian batholith - granites</p><p>Resulted in intense folding such as that at Hartland Quay, Devon and Millook, Cornwall along with folding of the South Wales coal fields</p><p>Main trend of fold axes = E – W</p><p>Associated with the formation of the Lizard Thrust, the Pennine Block faults and renewed subsidence in the Scottish Rift valley</p><p>Associated with the intrusion of the Whin Sill</p><p>THE ALPINE OROGENY</p><p>Effects seen mainly in South East of England</p><p>Effects seen in Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks.</p><p>Occurred about 25 - 30Ma</p><p>Created the Alpine mountain belt – the Alps</p><p>Created the Wealden Anticline</p><p>Created the Lulworth Crumple, Dorset</p><p>Main trend of fold axes = E-W</p><p>Re-activated many pre-existing fault lines</p><p>Was centred in Southern Europe and the UK only on the edge of the mountains formed</p><p>A result of northward movement of Africa colliding with Europe</p><p>The north Atlantic was opening up at the same time – producing the flood basalts seen in Northern Ireland (Giants Causeway) and north-east Scotland (Staffa and Fingal’s Cave) and dyke swarms across northern England and southern Scotland. </p>