<p> Lexique et constructions utiles en Expression écrite</p><p>- No matter what / who / how / where....(+ svc) - No matter how + adj/adv.... - So as to + BV / In order to +BV = afin de / pour + inf - So that + svc = afin que... - Instead of +Ving - Though / although = bien que - While = alors que.. - (It is) as if + prét. irréel / had – en ex: he speaks as if he didn't understand me / he is speaking as if he had never met me. - I find it (hard to believe/ incredible/interesting/funny/unbearable..)that (sb) should + BV / have-en - I find it hard to BV = j'ai du mal à... - So + adj + that = si...que - Too +adj + to = trop ...pour - It's (not) worth Ving - It's urgent / important... that (sb) should + BV - Used to + BV ≠ to be used to + Ving, to be accustomed to Ving - Verbe WANT to BV / Want (sb) toBV . même chose pour would like/ expect.. - To earn (one's) living = gagner sa vie - To be interested in Ving / nom = qqchose m'intéresse - To force (sb) to BV - To make (sb) BV - To allow (sb) toBV ( autoriser) ≠ to enable (sb) to BV ( " rendre capable") - To come across (sth) = rencontrer (ex: des difficultés) - For fear of Ving = de peur de.. - For fear that (sb) might BV = de peur que - To make up (one's) mind to BV = to decide to BV - To side with (sb) = prendre les parts de qqun - To manage to BV = arriver à - To succeed in Ving = réussir à - To resent = to object to Ving = ne pas apprécier... - To turn (sb /sth) into (sb /sth) = transformer qqun en ... - it is (not) the first / second.. time +(sb) have –en - it was (not) the first/second time + (sb) had-en - to provide (sb) with (sth) = apporter qqchose à qqun ( sens figuré) - to be aware of + nom / to be aware that .... - to do (one's) best to BV = faire de son mieux pour.... - to treat (sb) like dirt - to make fun of (sb) - to take the Mickey out of (sb) = to wind (sb) up = taquiner - to a certain extent = jusqu'à un certain point. - either ...... or.....= soit....soit - neither...... nor... = ni...ni - ...in case (sb) should BV.... au cas où... - to consist in Ving - to be on good / bad terms with (sb) - to look down on (sb) = to despise (sb) - to look up to (sb) = to admire - to keep Ving - to confide in (sb) = se confier à - to resort to + Nom = avoir recours à - to be supposed to BV - to be involved in + Nom - to be determined to + BV = être bien décidé à... - to try to talk (sb) into/ out of Ving = essayer de convaincre qqun de - to talk (sb) into / out of Ving = convaincre..../ dissuader... - to prefer to BV - to blame (sb) forVing - to blame (one)self for sth / Ving - to prevent (sb) from Ving = empêcher... - to be / feel responsible for sth/sb - to be on the same wave length = to see eye to eye with (sb) - to lead a ( adj) life - to look + adj ≠ to look like + nom - " we have to tread carefully because..." - in the short run / in the long run - "a lot remains to be done ( to solve the problem altogether)" - "we mustn't jump to conclusions" - this issue is of paramount importance = d'une importance capitale - a controversial issue = a bone of contention - as a matter of fact = in fact - indeed = en effet - provided = on condition = à condition que - as a result = so - daily life = everyday life - open-minded ≠ narrow minded - to fulfill (one's dream) - to reach (one's goal) - to pass judgements on (sb) = juger qqun (figuré) - out of the blue = d'un coup, sans prévenir - a first / third person narrative: récit à la première/ troisième personne - No sooner/hardly + had-en (inversion ) than + prétérit = à peine avait-il/ elle…que…+ Passé - No sooner/ hardly + have-en (inversion) than + présent = à peine….( au présent)</p><p> dialogues: quelques verbes introducteurs que vous pouvez utiliser à la place de "say" par ex</p><p>- he said = he remarked, he explained, he declared, he announced, he claimed, he acknowledged, he insisted, he added, he confirmed, he exclaimed, he shouted, he suggested, he hesitated, he repeated, he whispered.... - he answered = he replied, he retorted, he explained - he asked = he inquired, he wondered, he wanted to know, </p><p> il faut utiliser le prétérit pour tous les verbes introducteurs.  L'inversion sujet-verbe ne se fait pas en anglais.  Les didascalies peuvent se faire à l'aide du participe présent ( Ving)  Utilisez des adverbes pour donner plus de profondeur aux personnages. Ex : he said angrily, she answered cheerfully...... </p><p>* voir fiche Liste des fautes rencontrées très ( trop !!!) souvent dans vos devoirs:</p><p>- during ( + nom) ≠ for (+ durée) - to apologize for Ving ( s'excuser de) ≠ to forgive ( pardonner) - to tell ( sb) ≠ to say ( à qqun) - to think about ( pas "at") - to forgive ≠ to forget - to stay ( dans un lieu) ≠ to remain ( ex: he remained silent) ≠ to rest ( = se reposer) - always ( tout le temps) ≠ still ( toujours, encore) - lonely ( sentiment) ≠ alone ( physiquement) ≠ only ( seulement) - "I think so" et non "I think" - " I' m writing....." en début de lettre ( et non " I write" ) - POUR: to devant un verbe car c'est la contraction de "in order to+ BV. - I agree with ... (et non I am agree) - better ≠ the best - more... than (et non that) - to disappoint ( décevoir) ≠ to deceive ( tromper qqun) - arriver à = to manage to BV (et non arrive ) - every day ( et non all day) - people (éviter persons) - permitt est un barbarisme ( cf plus haut : enable) - construction particulière du verbe "to miss" - much ≠ many - this ≠ these - " the main character(s)" - les adjectifs sont invariables ( pas de "s")</p><p>* n'oubliez pas de respecter les temps, c'est à dire de ne pas commencer au prétérit et de terminer au présent. * N'oubliez pas de noter le nombre de mots.</p><p>Liste d'adjectifs utiles. Au fait, ils sont invariables (pas de "s") et se placent devant le Nom.</p><p> frustrated, frustrating, (to feel) down, depressed, devastated, shattered,unhappy, desperate, distressed, broken-hearted , betrayed, confident, self-assured, well-integrated remorseful, ashamed, relieved ( soulagé), lonely, excluded, destitute, withdrawn lax, permissive( laxiste), lenient (indulgent) indolent , idle, slack, lazy to feel ill-at-ease, uncomfortable, awkward, irritated, embarrassed, uneazy supportive, charitable, caring, sympathetic, understanding unfriendly/ hostile/unpleasant ≠ pleasant , friendly, helpful,kind, nice, sociable submitted, submissive, weak, humane ≠ evil, strong ≠ weak, scary, frightening, frightened, terrified, self-conscious = shy, distrustful, hesitant, modest, mousy, nervous, reserved, reticent, wary violent, threatening, prejudiced , authoritarian, over-protective, tyranical, dangerous = harmful, threatening, unsafe ill-treated, misunderstood strong-minded = strong-willed smart, alluring , charming, good-looking, attractive, captivating, lovely surprised, confused, dumbfounded, bewildered, speechless, stunned, flabbergasted polite, couteous, well-educated ≠ undereducated, hateful powerful ≠ powerless, defenceless liste de proverbes & expressions idiomatiques</p><p>« as they say, ….. » - Money talks. = L'argent est roi - Money doesn't grow on trees. = l'argent ne tombe pas du ciel. - Money is the root of all evil = l’argent est la cause de tous les maux - A bird in the bush is worth two in the hand. = un "tiens" vaut mieux que 2 "tu l'auras". - Better late than never! = Mieux vaut tard que jamais. - All that glitters is not gold. = tout ce qui brille n'est pas or. - Charity begins at home. = Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même. - Half a load is better than no bread. = Faute de grives, on mange des merles. - You can't have your cake and eat it. = on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre. - A friend in need is a friend indeed. = c'est dans le malheur qu'on reconnaît ses vrais amis. - Silence is golden. = le silence est d'or. - To be on cloud nine. = être aux anges. - It's not a bed of roses. = ce n'est pas tout rose. - To take the bull by the horns = prendre le taureau par les cornes. - There are plenty more fish in the sea. = un(e) de perdu(e), 10 de retrouvé(e)s. - To call a spade a spade. = appeler un chat un chat. - To kill two birds with one stone = faire d’une pierre deux coups - To let the cat out of the bag = vendre la mèche - To make a mountain out of a molehill = se faire une montagne ( d’une taupinière) - To put the cart before the horse = mettre la charrue avant les boeufs - To lead a dog’s life = mener une vie de chien - As good as gold = sage comme une image - As proud as a peacock = fier comme un paon - As white as a ghost = pâle comme la mort, blanc comme un cachet d’aspirine - Every cloud has a silver lining = a quelque chose malheur est bon. - No pain, no gain = on n’a rien sans rien - Better safe than sorry = mieux vaut prévenir que guerrir - All is well that ends well = tout est bien qui finit bien.</p>