Western University Scholarship@Western University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository May 2015 The oS cial Costs of Industrial Growth in the Sub- Arctic Regions of "Canada" Caylee T. Cody The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Anton Allahar The University of Western Ontario Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Civic and Community Engagement Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Economic Policy Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Health Policy Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Infrastructure Commons, Other Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Policy Design, Analysis, and Evaluation Commons, Political Science Commons, Public Administration Commons, Public Policy Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Regional Sociology Commons, Rural Sociology Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, and the Social Policy Commons Recommended Citation Cody, Caylee T., "The ocS ial Costs of Industrial Growth in the Sub-Arctic Regions of "Canada"" (2015). University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. Paper 2820. This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Western Ontario - Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOCIAL COSTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH IN THE SUB- ARCTIC REGIONS OF “CANADA”: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATTAWAPISKAT FIRST NATION AND THE INNU NATION by Caylee Cody Department of Sociology in conjunction with the Centre for Transitional Justice and Post Conflict Reconstruction A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Caylee Cody 2015 Abstract Colonialism in the land that is now called “Canada” is rooted in the ongoing dispossession of Indigenous people’s way of existing and interacting with the world. The present study identifies that the social costs of industrial growth are part of an ongoing process of colonialism which continues to annex Indigenous lands to feed the capitalist economy and reify the power of the state. Through a comparative analysis of literature written about the Attawapiskat First Nation and the Innu Nation, the study reveals that the financial rewards of industrial growth are few, while the cultural, human, and environmental costs are many. The study adds to the growing body of work which seeks to present alternative narratives to those which are presented by state and corporate actors. Keywords Decolonization, Indigeneity, Capitalism, Industrial growth, Corporate Social Responsibility, Impact Benefit Agreements, Identity, Power, Social Control, Heteropatriarchy ii Acknowledgments Throughout my journey in completing this project, I am indebted to a great number of people. To my advisor, Anton Allahar I would like to extend a special thank you for ongoing encouragement, support, and faith in me. I admire your wisdom and your rebelliousness and you inspire me to think harder, go deeper, and just generally work from a place of love and compassion. You are an inspiration to me. I would like to thank Kathryn Kopinak for her support in the academic world over a number of years. I remain, as ever, inspired by her work, and am indebted to her for the idea to study the social costs of industrial growth in this project. Thank you to Scott Schaffer and Jerry White who provided great clarity when I needed it. I would like to extend a warm thank you to Jackie Hookimaw-Witt and Norbert Witt, without their past work, this project would not have been possible. Their work is unbelievably important to scholarly literature which is so lacking the voices of elders who possess a world of wisdom and cut-throat humour. Reading their work remains a pleasure, even after spending so many hours with it. I am also thankful for the work of Colin Samson. The support and laughter of my family is truly what propelled this project. I hope that I remember to I thank them every day for this gift. For any days that I miss, let this written piece be a record: Thank you mom, I miss you. Thank you to Dad and Taunia who show unending love and compassion from whom I learn constantly. To Peter, thank you for your love. Thank you Paige for your wisdom and support. Thank you Bryce for your rebelliousness, which is always a reminder to dive further into risk. To Bree and Conor, you guys fuel me. And to Evangeline, thank you for your inquisitiveness and leaving hearts on my desk to remind me that you are here. Thank you to my Grandma who is my inspiration and teacher in how to be a good person. This project would not have been possible without the unending love and support of Sandy Gribbin. Sandy is the first person to hear the ideas in this thesis and also the person who helped me work out the kinks. Thank you for showing me the humour in everything. iii Dedicated to my mom, Vicki Lynn Schimmer May 23 1960-December 14-2013 iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ v List of Appendices .............................................................................................................. x Preface................................................................................................................................ xi Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the problem .................................................................................... 2 1.2 Chapter outlines ...................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Definitions of terms (alphabetical) ....................................................................... 13 1.3.1 First Nation ............................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 “Indian” ..................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 Indigenous ................................................................................................. 13 1.3.4 Ecology ..................................................................................................... 13 1.3.5 Economic development ............................................................................. 14 1.3.6 Environmental justice ............................................................................... 14 1.3.7 Social costs................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................... 16 2 Colonialism, globalization, and “Aboriginal development” ........................................ 16 2.1 The colonial function of religion and education ................................................... 16 2.2 Globalization, neoliberalism, and “progress” ....................................................... 23 v 2.3 Ecological destruction ........................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Dependency............................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Environmental Justice ............................................................................... 28 2.3.3 The meaning of “development” ................................................................ 36 Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 38 3 Government and corporate collusion: the coercive use of Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) ...................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Liberalism and the discourse of “rights” .............................................................. 39 3.2 The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility ....................................................... 41 3.3 Industrial growth and “Aboriginal law” ............................................................... 45 3.3.1 Developing Indigenous lands .................................................................... 46 3.4 Impact Benefit Agreements (IBAs) ...................................................................... 52 3.4.1 Confidentiality clauses and power ............................................................ 53 3.4.2 Non-compliance clauses and power .......................................................... 53 3.4.3 Process and Power .................................................................................... 54 3.5 Chronic underfunding as an invitation for transnational