<p> DNA Structure, Replication, Mitosis and Protein Synthesis Outline 4</p><p>Name______Date______Per______</p><p>PART I. THE STRUCTURE OF DNA 1. What do the letters DNA stand for?</p><p>2. What is the purpose of the DNA? </p><p>3. Where is the DNA located? (be specific)</p><p>4. DNA is composed of repeating subunits (monomers). What are these subunits called?</p><p>5. What are the 3 main parts of each nucleotide?</p><p>6. What is the name of the sugar used in DNA?</p><p>7. How many strands does a DNA molecule possess?</p><p>8. What are the 4 nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule?</p><p>9. What is the main difference between a purine and a pyrimidine? Which of the two nitrogen bases are purines and which two are pyrimidines?</p><p>10. The strands of DNA form a ---- structure. What 2 scientists were responsible for this model?</p><p>11. What is shown in the figure to the right? Who discovered this? How did this help the scientists in question 10 with their discovery?</p><p>12. What compounds make up the sides of the DNA molecule?</p><p>13. Where are the nitrogen bases located in the DNA molecule?</p><p>14. The nitrogen bases always follow a “pairing rule.” List the pairing rule for DNA.</p><p>15. What is meant by the idea that DNA is made of complementary strands?</p><p>15. Label the DNA molecule using the terms: deoxyribose, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, hydrogen bonds.</p><p>PART II. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PROTEIN 1. List a few PROTEINS discussed in the Power Point. 2. ______are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. It does this by lowering the ______energy required to start the reaction.</p><p>3. The Many Functions of Proteins  Proteins function as a structural component: ______</p><p> Proteins function as chemical messengers/receivers: ______</p><p> Proteins defend our body from disease:______</p><p> Many proteins are enzymes:______</p><p>4. Proteins are long chains of ______. </p><p>5. The long chains of amino acids (known as______) coil up to create a ______(working) protein. The protein will not work unless it is folded up. </p><p>6. Most amino acids look exactly the same except for the _____ group or ______group.</p><p>7. There are ______different functional groups that give each amino acid different properties.</p><p>Forming a polypeptide 8. aa=______</p><p> aa + aa + aa + aa aa – aa – aa – aa + 3H2O </p><p>9. DNA, the blueprint that tells us which proteins to make, is located in the ______. ______(where proteins are made) are located in the ______. </p><p>10. DNA is too ______to leave the nucleus. There must be a better way to get the message out.</p><p>Part III. RNA Structure and Function 1. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA</p><p>2. There are 3 types of RNA  ______RNA (mRNA)  ______RNA (rRNA)  ______RNA (tRNA)</p><p>3. What is a gene? </p><p>Part IV. Protein Synthesis: How your cell makes proteins! 1. Transcription: Rewriting DNA into RNA language </p><p>Step1:</p><p> Occurs in the ______</p><p> ______polymerase (an enzyme) binds to the DNA & unzips the DNA</p><p>Step2:</p><p> RNA polymerase adds free RNA ______using the DNA</p><p>______</p><p> Follows the complementary base paring rules:</p><p>A = ____</p><p>C= ____</p><p> Transcription uses only a specific region of the DNA known as a ______</p><p> As RNA polymerase moves past DNA ______</p><p>Step3:</p><p> RNA polymerase reaches a specific sequence of ______that marks the ______of </p><p> the gene (“stop” signal)</p><p> ______releases the DNA & newly formed mRNA.</p><p> mRNA ______the nucleus.</p><p> messenger RNA (mRNA):  ______stranded </p><p> Carries the instructions on how to make a specific ______.</p><p> Moves from the nucleus to the ______. </p><p> Each group of three bases is known as a ______. </p><p> mRNA strand: U A U G G C A U A U U A</p><p>2. Translation: Making a Protein</p><p> ribosomal RNA (rRNA): </p><p> is part of the ______of ribosomes. </p><p> Ribosomes are made from ______& other ______. </p><p> Ribosomes ______the mRNA and help ______the amino acids to make a protein. </p><p> transfer RNA (tRNA): </p><p> ______the amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein. </p><p> Assembles the amino acids in the correct order based on the ______matching.</p><p>Step1: </p><p> The mRNA attaches to a ______.</p><p> Translation will not start until the ribosome reads a “______”______(usually AUG)</p><p>Step2: </p><p> A ______RNA molecule arrives at the ribosome.</p><p> It brings an ______to the first three bases (codon) on the mRNA.</p><p> The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on the ______link up with the ______on the mRNA. </p><p>Step3:  Another ______molecule comes into place, bringing a second ______.</p><p> Its ______links up with the second codon on the mRNA.</p><p> A ______bond forms between the two amino acids.</p><p> The first tRNA molecule ______its amino acid and moves off into the cytoplasm.</p><p>Step4: </p><p> The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next ______.</p><p> Another ______molecule brings the next amino acid into place.</p><p> A peptide bond joins the second and third amino acids to form a ______chain.</p><p> The process continues. The polypeptide chain gets longer. This continues until a ______(stop) codon is reached.</p><p> The ______is then complete. It is released from the ribosome.</p><p>3. Which amino acids do the following mRNA sequences code for?</p><p> AUG ______</p><p> CCC ______</p><p> GGC ______</p><p> UAA ______</p><p>4. What types of mutations could occur?</p><p></p><p></p><p></p>