<p>Kingdom Plantae Test Review</p><p> o General Trends are important o What limits bryophyte size?</p><p> o Know the Cladogram and be able to label the four o How are Bryophytes and Tracheophytes similar? major phyla as well as the evolutionary advances that occur at each branch of the tree o How are Gymnosperms and Angiosperms similar?</p><p> o Know the reproductive cycle for each phylum and the o What is the function/advantage of spores, flowers, names of the structures (protenema, prothallus, fruits, seeds, endosperm, antheridium, archegonium, antheridium, archegonium, frond, capsil, cone, flower, vascular tissue, xylem, phloem, stomata pores, waxy spore, seed, fruit, sperm, egg, fertilization, haploid, cuticle, true roots and leaves diploid, sporophyte, gametophyte, mitosis, meiosis) as well as sporophyte and gametophyte forms o Know the common names for groups of plants from each of the phyla (not their details) o Why are Angiosperms the most diverse?</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o</p><p> o o o o o o o o o oQuestions for discussion o 1) Contrast the seed plants (Spermophyta) to an alga in terms of adaptation for life on land versus water. o o 2) What evidence is there to support a green algae ancestry for plants? (recall the Engelmann Experiment and others) o o 3) Bryophytes and vascular plants share a number of characteristics that distinguish them from algae and that adapt them for existence on land. What are those characteristics? o o 4) What is a seed, and why was the evolution of the seed such an important innovation for plants? o o 5) Compare and contrast spores and seeds o o 6) Compare and contrast pollen and sperm. o o 7) How do the mechanisms by which sperm reach the egg differ between gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants? o o 8) Why was the fruit such an important innovation? o o 9) Why was the flower such an important innovation? o o 10) What role do insects, animals and wind play in plant reproduction? o o 11) Why do both Bryophyta and Tracheophyta gametophytes remain close to the ground, but the spermophyta (gymnosperms and angiosperms) gametophytes are held high above the ground? o o 12) What is the advantage of sporophyte dominance over gametophyte dominance? o</p>