Maden hos indvandrere og flygtninge i Danmark 1 Maden hos indvandrere og flygtninge i Danmark FødevareRapport 2002:? 1. udgave, 1. oplag, januar 2002 Copyright: Fødevaredirektoratet Oplag: 1000 eksemplarer Tryk: ISBN: ISSN: Pris: Kr. 98,- inkl. moms Fødevaredirektoratet Afdeling for Ernæring Mørkhøj Bygade 19, 2860 Søborg Tlf. + 45 33 95 60 00, fax + 45 33 95 60 01 Hjemmeside: www.foedevaredirektoratet.dk Publikationer kan købes i boghandelen eller hos: Statens Information Postboks 1300, DK-2300 København S. Tlf. +45 33 37 92 28, fax +45 33 37 92 80 E-post: [email protected] Fødevaredirektoratet er en del af Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri. Direktoratet står for administration, forskning og kontrol på veterinær- og fødevareområdet. 2 Indholdsfortegnelse FORORD........................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 BAGGRUND............................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 INDVANDRERE OG FLYGTNINGE I DANMARK ....................................................................................................... 7 1.2 FORMÅL MED DENNE RAPPORT ............................................................................................................................ 7 2 SUNDHEDSPROBLEMER..................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 GENEREL SUNDHED ............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 KOSTRELATEREDE PROBLEMER ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Ensidig kost og trivselsproble-mer ........................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Jernmangel ............................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Dårlige tænder.......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 D-vitamin mangel ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Laktoseintolerance.................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 Sukkersyge, hjertekarsygdom-me og overvægt ......................................................................................... 15 2.3 OPSUMMERING .................................................................................................................................................. 16 3 RELIGIONENS INDFLYDELSE PÅ KOSTVANERNE................................................................................... 17 3.1 JØDEDOM........................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 KRISTENDOM..................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.3 ISLAM ................................................................................................................................................................ 18 3.4 ASIENS STØRSTE RELIGIONER ............................................................................................................................ 20 3.4.1 Buddhisme................................................................................................................................................. 20 3.4.2 Hinduisme................................................................................................................................................. 20 4 SUNDHEDS-/SYGDOMSOPFATTELSERS INDFLYDELSE PÅ KOSTVANER......................................... 23 4.1 DET NATURALISTISKE SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.1 Ayurveda - medicinen ............................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.2 Unani (-i- Tibb)......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.1.3 Kinesisk medicin (Yin og Yang) ................................................................................................................ 26 4.2 DET PERSONALISTISKE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Skæbne tro og troen på ånder................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.2 “Det onde øje” ......................................................................................................................................... 27 5 ÆNDRINGER I KOSTVANER VED MIGRATION ......................................................................................... 29 5.1 INDLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................................... 29 5.2 AMNING............................................................................................................................................................. 29 5.3 ANDEN KOST TIL SPÆDBØRN OG SMÅBØRN........................................................................................................ 30 5.4 ÆNDRINGER I FØDEVAREVALG.......................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.1 Ændringer i måltidsmønstre ..................................................................................................................... 32 5.4.2 Eksempler på kostændringer..................................................................................................................... 32 6 KOSTVANER BLANDT BØRN I FORSKELLIGE KULTURER................................................................... 35 6.1 KOLOSTRUM (RÅMÆLKEN)................................................................................................................................ 35 6.2 INTRODUKTION AF TILSKUD TIL AMNING OG AF OVERGANGSKOST .................................................................... 36 6.3 VITAMINER OG MINERALER ............................................................................................................................... 36 6.4 VITAMINBERIGEDE KIKS OG ANDRE PRODUKTER ............................................................................................... 37 6.5 MÅLTIDSTRADITIONER ...................................................................................................................................... 37 7 KOSTVANER I FORSKELLIGE KULTURER OG OMRÅDER.................................................................... 39 7.1 DET TIDLIGERE JUGOSLAVIEN ........................................................................................................................... 39 7.1.1 Amning og overgangskost......................................................................................................................... 39 7.1.2 Familiens måltider.................................................................................................................................... 40 7.1.3 Fødevarer ................................................................................................................................................. 40 3 7.2 TYRKIET ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 7.2.1 Amning og overgangskost......................................................................................................................... 42 7.2.2 Familiens måltider.................................................................................................................................... 42 7.2.3 Fødevarer ................................................................................................................................................. 42 7.3 KURDERE........................................................................................................................................................... 44 7.4 IRAK .................................................................................................................................................................. 44 7.4.1 Amning og overgangskost......................................................................................................................... 44 7.4.2 Familiens måltider.................................................................................................................................... 45 7.4.3 Fødevarer ................................................................................................................................................. 45 7.5 LIBANON ..........................................................................................................................................................