<p>Chapter 11: Quazi-Experimental Designs</p><p>Single Participant Designs</p><p>Does an IV affect a single participant?: aka small-n designs</p><p>Reversal Designs (ABA): Did IV have the intended effect?</p><p>Reversal Designs</p><p>A single reversal not very impressive</p><p>Perhaps unethical</p><p>Multiple Baseline Designs</p><p>Avoids withdrawing a treatment</p><p>Across participants</p><p>Across behaviors</p><p>Across situations </p><p>Across Participants</p><p>Uses several participants</p><p>Introduces manipulation at different points</p><p>Across Behaviors</p><p>Uses several behaviors</p><p>Introduces manipulation at different points in time to the different behaviors</p><p>Punishment system = biting & grooming</p><p>Across Settings</p><p>Across Settings</p><p>Same behavior measured in different settings</p><p>Manipulation used in both settings at different points in time Program Evaluation</p><p>Needs Assessment</p><p>Program Theory Assessment</p><p>Process Evaluation</p><p>Outcome Evaluation</p><p>Efficiency Assessment</p><p>Quazi-Experimental Designs</p><p>Not true experimental designs</p><p>Provide experimental-like controls to minimize threats to internal validity</p><p>Missing Control Group Design (aka One-Group Post-test Only Design)</p><p>Group  Treatment  Post-test</p><p>One-Group Pretest-Post-test Design</p><p>Group  Pre  Treat  Post</p><p>1. Hyperactive children</p><p>2. Impose 4-week dietary restriction (Treatment)</p><p>3. Observe them again (Post-test)</p><p>Threats to Internal Validity</p><p>History: Any event occurring between the first and second measurement</p><p>Maturation: Processes within the participant due to the passage of time</p><p>Testing: The effects of taking a test twice</p><p>Instrumentation: Autonomous changes in the measuring instrument</p><p>Statistical Regression: Groups are selected on the basis of extreme scores</p><p>Selection: Differential selection of participants to groups Experimental Mortality: Loss of participants</p><p>Statistical Conclusion Validity: Assumptions of a test are violated</p><p>Non-Equivalent Control Group Designs</p><p>Non-Equivalent Control Group Pretest Post-test Design</p><p>Group A Group B   Pretest Pretest   Treatment No Treatment   Post-test Post-test</p><p>Interrupted Time Series Design</p><p>Measure the DV before and after some naturally occurring event</p><p>Event = Quazi-IV</p><p>O’Malley and Wagenaar (1991)</p><p>Raising drinking age results in fewer fatal accidents</p><p> loss of highway funding by 1986 26 states raised drinking age between 1976-1987 Results:</p><p>15% decrease for drivers under 21</p><p>5% decrease for drivers over 21</p><p>Control Series Design</p><p>Using a control group in an interruputed time series design</p><p>Developmental Research Designs</p><p>Cross-Sectional</p><p>Longitudinal</p><p>Sequential</p>