<p>States represent a form of social contract in which the public has consented to assign to the state a monopoly on force and agreed that it only can constrain and coerce people.</p><p>Who is 'the people'? Examples: France Germany/Italy Former Yugoslavia</p><p>The nation: a named human population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass, public culture, and a common economy. (Smith, 1991). </p><p>The state is linked to control, centralization, and concentration of order maintenance. But besides the focus on order, the state does more: it is the continuous administrative, legal, bureaucratic and coercive systems that attempt not only to structure relationships between civil society and public authority but also structure many crucial relationships within civil society. (Skocpol, 1985)</p><p>So how was 'the nation' built? Example of France: 1) struggle against outsiders 2) The growth of infrastructure and bureaucracy 3) School and literacy</p><p>1) feasts and celebrations 2) growth of patriotism 3) homogenization of cultural habits Citizenship rights and duties: 1) civil rights 2) political rights 3) social rights two sets of social movements: 1) workers movements 2) movements of national liberation </p><p>"Citizenship is the passive and active membership of individuals in a nation-state with certain universalistic rights and obligations at a specified level of equality" = definition of citizenship Janoski, 1998. to define membership: internal approach: how do non-citizens gain rights and recognition as citizens external approach: how can people from outside the nation- state become citizens.</p><p>Why relevant? today there are a variety of statuses per country: example US: 1 citizen 2 naturalized citizen 3 legal resident 4 legal other 5 illegal The welfare state can be seen as recreating a stratification: through provisions and taxation</p><p>Esping-Anderson (1990): 1) corporatist-statist welfare state 2) liberal welfare state 3) social-democratic welfare state</p><p>Comparison on two main principles/criteria: 1) granting of social rights 2) welfare state as system of stratification, including connections between: a-state and market b-role of the state compared to role of the family</p>