<p> Fullerton Supplementary Content 1</p><p>Web Site Only Supplementary Content: Bibliography of Included Studies</p><p>ACAD: 1. Alhaj E, Alhaj N, Hamed H. A 13-year-old boy with transient ischemic attacks [letter]. Jama 2000;283(4):480-481. 2. Wilms G, Demaerel P, Lagae L, et al. Direct caroticocavernous fistula and traumatic dissection of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery: endovascular treatment. Neuroradiology 2000;42(1):62-65. 3. Pelkonen O, Tikkakoski T, Leinonen S, et al. Intracranial arterial dissection. Neuroradiology 1998;40(7):442-447. 4. Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ. Carotid dissection causing stroke in a child with migraine. Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.) 1997;314(7076):291-292. 5. Nance J, Abbott, K, Morris, Lloyd, Couper, R. An unfortunate consequence of being tickled. Lancet 1997;349(9059):1142-1142. 6. Chiu NC, DeLong GR, Heinz ER. Intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia in a 5- year-old child. Pediatr Neurol 1996;14(3):262-264. 7. Rutherfoord GS, Dada, M A, Nel, J P. Cerebral Infarction and Intracranial Arterial Dissection after Closed Head Injury. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17(1):53- 57. 8. Patel H, Smith RR, Garg BP. Spontaneous extracranial carotid artery dissection in children. Pediatr Neurol 1995;13(1):55-60. 9. Sharif AA, Remley KB, Clark HB. Middle cerebral artery dissection: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology 1995;45(10):1929-1931. 10. Pozzati E, Galassi E, Godano U, et al. Regressing intracranial carotid occlusions in childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;21(4):243-247. Fullerton Supplementary Content 2</p><p>11. Mann CI, Dietrich RB, Schrader MT, et al. Posttraumatic carotid artery dissection in children: evaluation with MR angiography. Ajr. Am J Roentgenol 1993;160(1):134- 136. 12. An TL. Fatal dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with delayed symptoms following facial impact. J Forensic Sci 1992;37(2):646-651. 13. Martin RF, Eldrup-Jorgensen J, Clark DE, et al. Blunt trauma to the carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg 1991;14(6):789-793; discussion 793-785. 14. O'Sullivan RM, Robertson WD, Nugent RA, et al. Supraclinoid carotid artery dissection following unusual trauma. Ajnr. Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11(6):1150-1152. 15. Pozzati E, Giuliani G, Acciarri N, et al. Long-term follow-up of occlusive cervical carotid dissection. Stroke 1990;21(4):528-531. 16. Pozzati E, Giuliani G, Poppi M, et al. Blunt traumatic carotid dissection with delayed symptoms. Stroke 1989;20(3):412-416. 17. Karoutas G, Karacostas D, Artemis N, et al. Ischemic infarct in childhood secondary to internal carotid artery dissection. Report of a case. Funct Neurol 1989;4(3):287-291. 18. Kitani R, Itouji T, Noda Y, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of the anterior circle of Willis arteries. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1987;67(2):296-300. 19. O'Connell BK, Towfighi J, Brennan RW, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of head and neck. Neurology 1985;35(7):993-997. 20. Hegedus K. Dissecting intracranial aneurysm. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 1982;232(1):25-32. 21. Nass R, Hays A, Chutorian A. Intracranial dissecting aneurysms in childhood. Stroke 1982;13(2):204-207. 22. Johnson HR, South JR. Traumatic dissecting aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery. Surg Neurol 1980;14(3):224-226. Fullerton Supplementary Content 3</p><p>23. Stringer WL, Kelly DL, Jr. Traumatic dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Neurosurgery 1980;6(2):123-130. 24. Luken MGd, Ascherl GF, Jr., Correll JW, et al. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Clinical Neurosurgery 1979;26:353- 375. 25. Manz HJ, Vester J, Lavenstein B. Dissecting aneurysm of cerebral arteries in childhood and adolescence. Case report and literature review of 20 cases. Virchows Arch A Path Anat and Histol 1979;384(3):325-335. 26. Fisher CM, Ojemann RG, Roberson GH. Spontaneous dissection of cervico- cerebral arteries. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1978;5(1):9-19. 27. Johnson AC, Graves VB, Pfaff JP, Jr. Dissecting aneurysm of intracranial arteries. Surg Neurol 1977;7(1):49-52. 28. Pilz P, Hartjes HJ. Fibromuscular dysplasia and multiple dissecting aneurysms of intracranial arteries. A further cause of Moyamoya syndrome. Stroke 1976;7(4):393-398. 29. Chang V, Rewcastle NB, Harwood-Nash DC, et al. Bilateral dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial internal carotid arteries in an 8-year-old boy. Neurology 1975;25(6):573-579. 30. Hochberg FH, Bean C, Fisher CM, et al. Stroke in a 15-year-old girl secondary to terminal carotid dissection. Neurology 1975;25(8):725-729. 31. Adelman LS, Doe FD, Sarnat HB. Bilateral dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries. Acta Neuropathol 1974;29(2):93-97. 32. Kak VK, Gordon DS. Internal carotid artery thrombosis following head injury in a 17-month-old child. Neurochirurgia 1972;15(6):222-226. 33. Isler W. Acute hemiplegias and hemisyndromes in childhood. Clinics in Developmental Medicine 1971;41/42:28-30, 74-102. 34. Sato O, Bascom JF, Logothetis J. Intracranial dissecting aneurysm. Case report. J Neurosurg 1971;35(4):483-487. Fullerton Supplementary Content 4</p><p>35. Jacob JC, Maroun FB, Heneghan WD, et al. Uncommon cerebrovascular lesions in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1970;12(4):446-453. 36. Nelson JW. Dissecting subintimal hematomas of the intracranial arteries: report of a case. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1968;67:512-517. 37. Frantzen E, Jacobsen, H H, Therkelsen, J. Cerebral artery occlusions in children due to trauma of the head and neck: a report of 6 cases verified by cerebral angiography. Neurology 1961;11:695-700. 38. Ritchie G. Dissecting aneurysm of the left internal carotid and left middle cerebral arteries: report of a case. Wisconsin Medical Journal 1961:556-558. 39. Wisoff HS, Rothballer, A B. Cerebral arterial thrombosis in children. Arch Neurol 1960;4:258-267. 40. Wolman L. Cerebral Dissecting Aneurysm. Brain 1959;82:276-291. 41. Norman RM, Urich, H. Dissecting aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery as a cause of acute infantile hemiplegia. J Path Bact 1957;73:580-582. 42. Chambers WR. Acute occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Surgery 1954;36:980. 43. Elvidge AR, Werner, A. Hemiplegia and thrombosis of the internal carotid system. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1951;66:752-782.</p><p>PCAD:</p><p>44. Feudale F, Liebelt E. Recognizing vertebral artery dissection in children: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16(3):184-188. 45. Hutchinson PJ, Pickard JD, Higgins JN. Neurological picture. Vertebral artery dissection presenting as cerebellar infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68(1):98-99. Fullerton Supplementary Content 5</p><p>46. Lazinski D, Willinsky RA, TerBrugge K, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: angioarchitecture and a review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2000;42(2):128-133. 47. Nakatomi H, Nagata K, Kawamoto S, et al. Basilar artery occlusion due to spontaneous basilar artery dissection in a child. Acta Neurochir 1999;141(1):99-104. 48. Schols G, Van Havenbergh T, Parizel PM, et al. Traumatic basilar artery dissection in a child: need for anticoagulation? Neuropediatrics 1999;30(6):328-330. 49. Kim SH, Kosnik E, Madden C, et al. Cerebellar infarction from a traumatic vertebral artery dissection in a child. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;27(2):71-77. 50. Scazzeri F, Mascalchi M, Calabrese R, et al. Case report. MRI and MR angiography of basilar artery dissection in a child. Neuroradiology 1997;39(9):654-657. 51. Tekin S, Aykut-Bingol C, Aktan S. Case of intracranial vertebral artery dissection in young age. Pediatr Neurol 1997;16(1):67-70. 52. Khurana DS, Bonnemann CG, Dooling EC, et al. Vertebral artery dissection: issues in diagnosis and management. Pediatr Neurol 1996;14(3):255-258. 53. James CA, Glasier CM, Angtuaco EE. Altered vertebrobasilar flow in children: angiographic, MR, and MR angiographic findings. Ajnr. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16(8):1689-1695. 54. Horowitz IN, Niparko NA. Vertebral artery dissection with bilateral hemiparesis. Pediatr Neurol 1994;11(3):252-254. 55. Lannuzel A, Moulin T, Amsallem D, et al. Vertebral-artery dissection following a judo session: a case report. Neuropediatrics 1994;25(2):106-108. 56. Randall JM, Griffiths PD, Gardner-Medwin D, et al. Thalamic infarction in childhood due to extracranial vertebral artery abnormalities. Neuropediatrics 1994;25(5):262-264. 57. Sheth RD, Jaynes M, Gingold M, et al. Stroke due to a traumatic vertebral artery dissection in a girl. Clin Pediatr 1994;33(8):503-506. Fullerton Supplementary Content 6</p><p>58. Garg BP, Ottinger CJ, Smith RR, et al. Strokes in children due to vertebral artery trauma [see comments]. Neurology 1993;43(12):2555-2558. 59. Ishikawa T, Sasaki H, Makino K, et al. Pediatric brain stem infarction caused by a basilar and vertebral artery occlusion: case report. Neurosurgery 1992;31(2):365-368. 60. DeBehnke DJ, Singer, J I. Vertebrobasilar occlusion following minor trauma in an 8 year old boy. Am J Emerg Med 1991;9(1):49-51. 61. Ko GD, Berbrayer D. Childhood stroke after minor neck trauma: case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71(11):923-926. 62. Pitter JH, French JH, PeBenito R, et al. Vertebrobasilar occlusion complicating nonpenetrating craniocervical trauma in a child. J Child Neurol 1990;5(3):219-223. 63. Vles JS, Hendriks JJ, Lodder J, et al. Multiple vertebro-basilar infarctions from fibromuscular dysplasia related dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery in a child. Neuropediatrics 1990;21(2):104-105. 64. Perez-Higueras A, Alvarez-Ruiz F, Martinez-Bermejo A, et al. Cerebellar infarction from fibromuscular dysplasia and dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Report of a child. Stroke 1988;19(4):521-524. 65. Lewis DW, Berman PH. Vertebral artery dissection and alternating hemiparesis in an adolescent. Pediatrics 1986;78(4):610-613. 66. Bergen BJ, Batnitzky S, Morantz RA, et al. Cerebellar infarction with associated acute hydrocephalus due to vertebral artery occlusion in a child. Neurosurgery 1981;8(3):383-387. 67. Mori K, Miwa S, Murata T, et al. Basilar artery occlusion in childhood: report of a case. Arch Neurol 1979;36(2):100-102. 68. Zimmerman AW, Kumar AJ, Gadoth N, et al. Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood. Neurology 1978;28(2):185-188. Fullerton Supplementary Content 7</p><p>69. Pascual-Castroviejo I, Pascual-Pascual JI, Mulas F, et al. Bilateral obstruction of the vertebral arteries in a three-year-old child. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977;19(2):232- 238. 70. Klein RA, Snyder RD, Schwarz HJ. Lateral medullary syndrome in a child. Arteriographic confirmation of vertebral artery occlusion. Jama 1976;235(9):940-941. 71. Fraser AR, Zimbler SM. Hindbrain stroke in children caused by extracranial vertebral artery trauma. Stroke 1975;6(2):153-159. 72. Latchaw RE, Seeger, J F, Gabrielson, T O. Vertebrobasilar arterial occlusions in children. Neuroradiology 1974;8:141-147. 73. Marks RL, Freed MM. Nonpenetrating injuries of the neck and cerebrovascular accident. Arch Neurol 1973;28(6):412-414. 74. DeVivo DC, Farrell FW, Jr. Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in children. A recognizable clinical entity. Arch Neurol 1972;26(3):278-281. 75. Ouvrier RA, Hopkins IJ. Occlusive disease of the vertebro-basilar arterial system in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 1970;12(2):186-192. 76. Dooley JM, Jr., Smith KR, Jr. Occlusion of the basilar artery in a 6-year-old boy. Neurology 1968;18(10):1034-1036. 77. Hayman JA, Anderson RM. Dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Med J Aust 1966;2(8):360-361.</p><p>ACAD and PCAD:</p><p>78. Han DH, Kwon OK, Oh CW. Clinical characteristics of vertebrobasilar artery dissection. Neurol Med Chir 1998;38 Suppl:107-113. 79. Schievink WI, Mokri B, Piepgras DG. Spontaneous dissections of cervicocephalic arteries in childhood and adolescence. Neurology 1994;44(9):1607-1612.</p>