<p> ANINA YARON CURRICULUM VITAE January 2003 PERSONAL</p><p>Date of Birth: June 20, 1935 Place of Birth: Jerusalem, Israel Military service: 1953–1955 Address - Work: The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 841105 Telephone: (08) 6461965 FAX NO. 972-8-6472983 email: [email protected]</p><p>Address - Home: 100/8 Bialik Street, Beer-Sheva Telephone: (08) 6233887</p><p>EDUCATION</p><p>1958: B.Sc. in Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.</p><p>1960: M.Sc. in Food and Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. M.Sc. thesis: Studies in the autoxidation of ascorbic acid Supervisor: Prof. J.B.S. Braverman</p><p>1965: D.Sc. in Food and Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. D.Sc. dissertation: Effect of proccessing conditions on the yield and nutritional value of isolated soybean protein. Supervisor: Prof. J. Berk</p><p>EMPLOYMENT HISTORY</p><p>1960: Research at Beecham Foods Laboratories, Coleford, England, and training visits to laboratories of the British Food Industry </p><p>1961-65: Research at the Department of Food and Biotechnology, Technion, towards D.Sc. degree and research on grant from the US Department of Agriculture on problems connected with the utilization of soybean proteins (technological and nutritional) 2</p><p>1965-72: Research Associate at the Technion Foundation for Research and Development, Haifa, guiding a group of research workers on applied research for the food industry, mainly in the field of edible oils fats, chemical analysis, and technology </p><p>1973-74: Research Associate at the Biochemistry Department of the Medical School of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,Ohio, studying the structure of glycoproteins of blood group determinants </p><p>1975-87: Research Associate (tenured) at The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (1975 research grade C; 1983 research grade B) </p><p>1987: Sabbatical leave at The Biological Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, England. Studies on enzymatic organic synthesis of stereo-specific chemicals </p><p>1988-present: The Institutes for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. Studies of production, characterization and modification of biochemicals from agricultural crops and microalgae,mainly for the health food and cosmetic industry. 3</p><p>SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS</p><p>Chapters in Books 1. Yaron, A. Metabolism and physiological effects of jojoba oil. In: Wisniak, J. ed. The Chemistry and Technology of Jojoba Oil. American Oil Chemists' Society, U.S.A., 1987. p. 251-267. </p><p>Chapter in collective volumes</p><p>1 Yaron, A. and Karpasas M... Comparison of microalgal exopolysaccharides—rheology and surfactant interactions,The Fifth International Hydrocolloid Conference, Abstract p94 Raleigh N C,.2000</p><p>2) Yaron, A. and Karpasas M.. Physical properties of Sulphated microalgal polysaccharides compared with xanthan gum ,International conference 2000-The era of biotechnology.Abstracts p37 Beer-Sheva. Oct2000</p><p>3 Yaron A. and M. Karpasas. Sulfated microalgal polysaccarides function as emulsifiers in combination with amphoteric surfactants. The tenth international conference on gums and stabilisers for the food industry. Book of abstracts p.118 .Wrexham,UK ,1999. 4 A. Yaron, M. Rise, S. Geresh & S. (Malis) Arad. Microalgal pigments for cosmetics and toiletries. Proc. Third Int. Symp. Natural Colorants for Food Nutraceuticals, Beverages, Confectionery and Cosmetics. The Hereld Organization, Hamden CT. 1998. 5. Yaron, A., I. Dvir, Maislos, M. Mokadi, S. & (Malis) Arad S. The red microalga Rhodella reticulata as a source of the dietary -3 highly unsaturated fatty acid-eicosapentaenoic acid. In: Charalambous, G., ed. Developments in Food Science. Food Flavors: Generation, Analysis and Process Influence; vol. 37: 665- 674. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1995. 6. Yaron, A. and (Malis) Arad, S. Natural pigments from red microalgae for food and cosmetics. In: Food Flavors, Ingredients and Composition, Developments in Food Science, vol 32, G. Charalambous (ed.) pp. 835- 838 Elsevier, 1993.</p><p>7. Yaron, A. and S.Malis Arad. Phycobiliproteins - blue and red natural pigments for use in food and cosmetics. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Natural Colors, Amherst, Mass, 1993. Ed. F.J. Francis. The Hereld Organization, S.I.C. Publishing Co., Hampden CT.</p><p>8. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I.; Meshorer, A. Physiological effects of jojoba oil in laboratory animals. In: Wisniak, J.; Zabicky, J. eds. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1985, p. 337-342.</p><p>9 Sitton, D.; Yaron, A.; Roth-Bejerano, N. Role of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in germinating seeds of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). In: Wisniak, J.; Zabicky, J. eds. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1985, p. 225-232.</p><p>Published Papers 1. Cogan,U.; Yaron, A.; Berk, Z.; Mizrahi, S. Isolation of soybrean protein: Effect of processing conditions on yields and purity. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 44:321; 1966. 4</p><p>2. Cogan,U.; Yaron, A.; Berk, Z.; Zimmerman, G. Effect of processing conditions on the nutritive value of isolated soybean proteins. Agr. Food Chem. 16:196; 1968.</p><p>3. Yaron, A.; Turzynski, B.; Letan, A. Dilatometric properties of liquid and hydrogenated soybean oil blends with coconut oil admixture. La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse. 35:668; 1968.</p><p>4. Letan, A.; Turzynski, B.; Yaron, A. Pilot plant for edible oil hydrogenation. Oleagineux 23:541; 1968.</p><p>5. Schmulinzon, C.; Yaron, A.; Letan, A. Directed glycerolysis of fatty acid methyl esters. La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse 38:168; 1971.</p><p>6. Schmulinzon, C.; Yaron, A.; Letan, A. Directed transesterification of hardened coconut oil with several saturated fatty acid methyl esters. La Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse 38:430; 1971.</p><p>7. Tene, Z.; Letan, A.; Yaron, A. Modification of a procedure for anaytical hydrogenation of edible oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 49:52; 1971.</p><p>8. Letan, A.; Yaron, A. Some practical aspects connected with the presence of calcium in soybean oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 49:702; 1972.</p><p>9. Yaron, A.; Turzynski, B.; Schmulinzon, C.; Letan, A. Evaluation of transesterified hardened and liquid soybean oils as raw materials for margarine oils. Fette, Seifen, Anstrich. 75: 533; 1973.</p><p>10. Yaron, A.; Turzynski, B.; Letan, A. Rheological properties of blends of saturated glycerides and liquid soybean oil. J. Texture Stud. 6:241; 1975.</p><p>11. Yaron, A.; Letan, A. Consistency of commercial soybean lecithins. J. Texture Stud. 6: 525; 1975.</p><p>12. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I. Absorption and distribution of jojoba wax injected subcutaneously into mice. Lipids 15:889; 1980.</p><p>13. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I.; Mahler, D.; Meshorer, A. Physiological toleration of jojoba wax in laboratory animals. J. Soc. Cos. Chem. 33:141-148; 1982.</p><p>14. Yaron, A.; Samoiloff, V.; Benzioni, A. Absorption and distribution of orally administered jojoba wax in mice. Lipids 17:169; 1982.</p><p>15. Arad(Malis), S; Yaron, A. Natural pigments from red microalgae for use in foods and cosmetics. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 3:4(22), pp. 92-96; 1992. </p><p>16. Yaron, A., Cohen, E. and (Malis) Arad, S. Stabilization of Aloe vera gel by interaction with sulfated polysaccharides from red microalgae and with xanthan gum. J. Agr. Food Chem. 40, 1316-1320, 1992. 5</p><p>17. Yaron, A. Characterization of Aloe vera gel before and after autodegradation, and stabilization of the natural fresh gel. Phytotherapy Res. 6: 511-513, 1993.</p><p>Published scientific reports 1. Modification of some physical properties of edible oils and fats,A. Yaron, A. Letan and B. Turzynski, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Sept.1967 (in Hebrew).</p><p>2. Modification of some physical properties of edible oils and fats, A. Letan and B. Turzynski, and A.Yaron Technion – Israel Institute of Technology ,July 1968. (in Hebrew).</p><p>3. Modification of some physical properties of edible oils and fats through processes of esterification, interesterification, hydrogenation and fractional crystallization, A. Yaron A. Letan and B. Turzynski, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. July 1969. (in Hebrew).</p><p>4. Development of various fat products from common edible oils through processes of esterification interesterification, hydrogenation and fractional crystallization, A, Yaron, A. Letan and B. Turzynski, Technion, Haifa.July 1970 (in Hebrew).</p><p>5. Development of fatty products from common edible oils, A. Yaron A. Letan and N. Gold, Technion, Haifa July 1971. (in Hebrew).</p><p>6. Development of fatty products from common edible oils, A. Letan and B. Turzynski, A. Yaron Technion, Haifa ,July 1972. (in Hebrew).</p><p>7. Yaron, A. Development of clinical and cosmetic applications of jojoba wax and its derivatives; annual report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-127-77; Dec. 1976. </p><p>8. Yaron, A. Cosmetic and chemical applications of jojoba wax: a review of activities and outlines of future work. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; progress report for the period 1.10.75-31.12.76. Report No. BGUN-RDA- 158-77; July 1977; p.118-125. </p><p>9. Mahler, D.; Bark, H.; Yaron, A. Jojoba wax for a burn dressing. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; progress report for the period 1.10.75-31.12.76. Report No. BGUN-RDA-158-77; July p. 134-137.</p><p>10. Mahler, D.; Mor, I.; Branover, Y.; Fried, K.; Yaron, A. Jojoba wax as a burn dressing: Development of research methods and techniques. In: Forti, M. compiler, Simmondsia wax production in Israel; progress report for the period 1.10.75- 31.12.76. Report No. BGUN-RDA-158-77; July 1977; p.137-146.</p><p>11. Benzioni, A.; Yaron, A.; Heiman, O. Development, wax accumulation and wax biosynthesis of maturing jojoba seeds. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax 6</p><p> production in Israel; annual report for 1.1.77-31.12.77. Report No. BGUN-RDA- 210-79; Oct.1978; p. 27-35.</p><p>12. Benzioni, A.; Yaron, A. Radioisotopic labelling of jojoba wax. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for 1.1.77- 31.12.77. Report No. BGUN-RDA-210-79; Oct.1978; p.124-128. 13. Yaron, A. Oxidation stability of jojoba wax. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for 1.1.77-31.12.77. Report No. BGUN- RDA-210-79; Oct.1978; p. 130-137.</p><p>14. Yaron, A. Microdetermination of free fatty acids and free fatty alcohols in jojoba wax.In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for 1.1.77-31.12.77. Report No. BGUN-RDA-210-79; p. 137-145.</p><p>15. Yaron, A. Conditions for the complete saponification of jojoba wax. In: Forti, M. compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for 1.1.77-31.12.77. Report No. BGUN-RDA-210-79; p. 145-155.</p><p>16. Yaron, A., Benzioni, A.; More, I. Jojoba wax absorption and metabolism in mice, In: Yaron, A. principal investigator. Physiological implications of the external application of jojoba wax; interim report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-224-79; May 1979; p. 1-23.</p><p>17. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I. Penetration of radiolabelled jojoba wax into excised pig skin. In: Yaron, A. principal investigator. Physiological implications of the external application of jojoba wax; interim report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-224- 79; May 1979; p. 24-28.</p><p>18. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I. Formulation and evaluation of suntan preparations based on jojoba wax. In: Yaron, A. principal investigator. Physiological implications of the external application of jojoba wax; interim report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-224-79; May 1979; p. 29-37.</p><p>19. Yaron, A. Efficacy of jojoba wax and modified jojoba waxes as emolients.In: Yaron, A. principal investigator. Physiological implications of the external application of jojoba wax; interim report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-224-79; May 1979; p. 38.</p><p>20. Yaron, A.; Spitz, E. Skin irritation tests of jojoba seed fractions. In: Yaron, A. principal investigator. Physiological implications of the external application of jojoba wax; interim report. Report No. BGUN-RDA-224-79; May 1979;p. 39-40.</p><p>21. Yaron, A. Mechanical extraction of jojoba wax. Report No. BGUN-RDA-298-81; Jan.1981.pp.18.</p><p>22. Yaron, A.; Cohen, H. Mechanical extraction of jojoba wax at the Technion pilot plant. In: Forti, M., compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for the period 1.1.80-31.12.80; July 1981; p. 108-112. 7</p><p>23. Cohen, H.; Yaron, A. Treatment of jojoba seeds at the Meluoth plant. In: Forti, M., compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for the period 1.1.80- 31.12.80; July 1981; p.117-119.</p><p>24. Yaron, A. Toxicological studies on jojoba wax. In: Forti, M., compiler. Simmondsia wax production in Israel; annual report for the period 1.1.80-31.12.80; July 1981; p. 130-133. 25. Forti, M.; Aronson, J.A.; Mendlinger, S.; Yaron, A. New crops for arid lands; first annual report May 1982-January 1983. Report No. BGUN-ARI-14-83; Feb. 1983. </p><p>26. Yaron, A. Chemical composition and digestibility of the crude protein of forage shrubs. In: Dovrat, A. compiler. Fodder production and utilization by small animals in arid zones; first annual report May 1982-January 1983. Report No. BGUN-ARI- 15-83; Feb. 1983; p. 14-15.</p><p>27. Forti, M; Aronson, J.A.; Mendlinger, S.; Yaron, A. New crops for arid lands. progress report for the period February-May 1983. Report No. BGUN-ARI-33-83; June 1983. </p><p>28. Yaron, A. Forti, M; Aronson, J.A.; Mendlinger, S.; Yaron, A. New crops for arid lands. progress report for the period June-September 1983. Report No. BGUN- ARI-58-83; Oct. 1983. </p><p>29. Forti, M.; Mendlinger, S.; Aronson, J.A.; Yaron, A. New crops for arid lands; second annual report; Report No. BGUN-ARI-18-84 Feb. 1984. </p><p>30. Aronson, J.A.; Yaron, A.; Pasternak, D. Evaluation of potential fuel crops for the Negev; annual report April 1983-March 1984; Report No. BGUN-ARI-25-84 Feb. 1984. </p><p>31. Yaron, A.; Levi, Y.; Forti, M. Nutritional potential of Atriplex nummularia, Atriplex canescens and Cassia sturtii as fodder plants in arid environments. In: Dovrat, A., compiler Fodder production and utilization by small ruminants in arid regions; second annual report February 1983-January 1984. Report No. BGUN-ARI-78-84; Feb. 1984; p. 82-92.</p><p>32. Yaron, A. Chemical analysis of shrub leaves. In: Dovrat, A., compiler. Fodder production and its utilization by small ruminants in arid regions (FOPAR); progress report for the period Aug.-Oct. 1984. Report No. BGUN-ARI-21-85, Mar. 1985, p. 6.</p><p>33. Forti, M.; Aronson, J.A.; Mendlinger, S.; Yaron, A. New crops for arid lands; third annual report Feb. 1984-Jan. 1985. Report No. BGUN-ARI-98-85; Dec. 1985.</p><p>34. Yaron, A.; Arad, S. Production of phycoerythrin from Porphyridium and its development as a food coloring. A. Literature review; B. Preliminary studies of characterization of phycoerythrin from Porphyridium; semi-annual report July- December 1985. Report No. BGUN-ARI-5-86; Jan. 1986. (In Hebrew). 8</p><p>35. Benjamin, R.W.; Barkai, D.; Lavie, Y.; Forti, M. Estimation of standing biomass of five species of fodder shrubs one year after planting at the Migda site. In: Dovrat, A., compiler. Fodder production and its utilization by small ruminants in arid regions (FOPAR); third annual report Feb. 1984-Jan. 1985. Report No. BGUN-ARI-72-85; Aug. 1985; p. 7-40.</p><p>36. Benjamin, R.W.; Barkai, D.; Hefetz, Y.; Lavie, Y.; Yaron, A. The apparent digestibility of Atriplex nummularia and the nitrogen balance of sheep consuming it. In: Dovrat, A., compiler. Fodder production and its utilization by small ruminants in arid regions (FOPAR); fourth annual report February 1985-January 1986. Report No. BGUN- ARI-61-86; Oct. 1986, 1985: p. 7-40. 37 Yaron, A.; Arad, S. Production of phycoerythrin from algae; interim report January- September 1986. Report No. BGUN-ARI-51-86. Sept. 1986. (In Hebrew).</p><p>38. Yaron, A. Development of Aloe vera for cosmetic use; interim report March-October 1988. Report No. BGUN-ARI-81-88; Oct. 1988. (In Hebrew).</p><p>39. Yaron, A. Development of Aloe vera for cosmetic use; annual report June 1988-May 1989; Report No. BGUN-ARI-23-89; May 1989. (In Hebrew).</p><p>40. Yaron, A. Development of Aloe vera for cosmetic use; interim report June- September 1989. Report No. BGUN-ARI-49-89; Oct. 1989. (In Hebrew). 41. Yaron, A. Development of Aloe vera for cosmetic use; interim report June 1989May 1990. Report No. BGUN-ARI-17-90; May 1990. (In Hebrew).</p><p>42. Yaron, A. Experiments to improve the purification and separation processes in the production of TEBIS ; report of preliminary research March-August 1990. Report No. BGUN-ARI-36-90; Aug. 1990. (In Hebrew).</p><p>43. Arad (Malis), S.; Yaron, A. Development of natural pigments from algae. In: Arad (Malis), S., chief investigator. Development of biotechnological systems; annual report June 1988-May 1989. Report No. BGUN-ARI-13-89May.1989:. (In Hebrew).</p><p>44. Arad (Malis), S.; Yaron, A. Development of natural pigments from algae. In: Arad (Malis), S., chief investigator. Development of biotechnological systems; annual report June 1989-May 1990. Report No. BGUN-ARI-19-90; May.1990:. (In Hebrew).</p><p>45.. Arad (Malis), S.; Yaron, A. Development of natural pigments from algae. In: Arad (Malis), S., chief investigator. Development of biotechnological systems; annual report June 1990- May 1991. Report No. BGUN-ARI-15-91; May.1991: (In Hebrew). 9</p><p>46. Arad (Malis), S.; Yaron, A. Development of natural pigments from algae. In: Arad (Malis), S., chief investigator. Development of biotechnological systems; annual report June 1991-May 1992. Report No. BGUN-ARI-14-92; Apr.1992:. (In Hebrew).</p><p>47. Yaron, A. Microalgae as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids of economical value. Annual No.BGUN-ARI-18-95 Jan. 95 (In Hebrew)</p><p>48. Arad (Malis),S., Yaron, A., Geresh, S. and Gnaim,J.M. Stabilization of red and blue colors from red microalgae. Report No. BGUN-ARI-77-95, Dec. 1995. The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva. 49. Bushman ,I. and Yaron, A. Development of stable colorings for food and cosmetics Report No BGUN-ARI-16-96,Ian. 1996(in Hebrew) The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>50, Arad.S.,van Moppes D.,Yaron A.,Rise,M.,Cultivation of Porphyridium and stabilization of b-carotene;Report No.BGUN-ARI-25-96; Feb. 1996. The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>51. Arad (Malis) S., Yaron, A., Geresh, S. and Rise M. Colorings for hair and cosmetics. Report No. BGUN-ARI-50-96, Aug. 1996. The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>52 Arad (Malis) S., Yaron, A., Geresh, S. and Rise, M. Natural Colors for cosmetics Report No. BGUN-ARI-55-97, Dec. 1997. The Institute for Applied Research, Ben- Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>53. Rise , .M and. Yaron, A., Sulphated polysaccharides from microalgae as inhibitors of carotenoid oxidation. Report No. BGUN-ARI-56-97pp.14 Dec 1997 The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>54. Yaron, A. Reaction of Anionic Red Algal Polysacharides with Cationic Functional Materials: Characterization and Uses of the Products. Report No. BGUN-ARI-45-98 Annual Report -Nov.1998 The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva.</p><p>55 Yaron, A. Reaction of Anionic Red Algal Polysacharides with Cationic Functional Materials: Characterization and Uses of the Products. Report No. BGUN-ARI-35- 99 Annual Report -Sept. 1999 The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva. 56.. Zaharochkin, T and Yaron , A.Production and Stabilization of Blue Colors from Red Microalgae for Food and Cosmetics. . Report No. BGUN-ARI-50- 99 –Nov. 1999 The Institute for Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer- Sheva. 10</p><p>Presentation at Meetings</p><p>1. Yaron, A.; Levi, J.; Forti, M. Nutritional potential of Atriplex nummularia and Atriplex canescens as fodder for arid environment. The Sixth World Congress of Engineers & Architects in Israel, Development of the Desert and Sparsely Populated Areas." Tel-Aviv: International Technical Cooperation Centre; 1983.</p><p>2. Yaron, A.; Benzioni, A.; More, I.; Meshorer, A. Physiological effects of jojoba oil in laboratory animals.. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1985,..</p><p>3. Sitton, D.; Yaron, A.; Roth-Bejerano, N. Role of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in germinating seeds of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1985 232.</p><p>4. Yaron, A. Aloe vera gel, chemical and physical properties and stabilization. Abstract No. 3, 1990. Meeting of the Israel Society of Botany. Isr. J. Bot. Vol. 40.</p><p>5. Yaron, A. Characterization of Aloe vera gel composition and autodegradation, and stabilization of the natural fresh gel. 1st International Congress of Phytotherapy Seoul, Korea, 1991.</p><p>6. Yaron, A. and Arad (Malis), S. Natural pigments from red microalgae for food and cosmetics. 7th International Flavor Conference, Samos, Greece, June 1992.</p><p>7. Yaron, A. and Arad (Malis), S. Phycobiliproteins - blue and red natural pigiments for use in food and cosmetics. The first international symposium on natural colorants for food, nutracenticals, beverages and confectionery. Amherst Mass. Nov. 1993.</p><p>8. Yaron, A., I. Dvir, M. Maislos, S. Mokadi and S. (Malis) Arad. A red microalgae Rhodella reticulata as a source of the dietary w-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid- eicosapentaenoic acid. 8th International flavor conference on "Recent developments in food science and nutrition , Cos, Greece. July 1994 9. Yaron, A. , M. Rise, S. Geresh and S. (Malis) Arad. Microalgal pigments for cosmetics and toiletries. The Third International Symposium on Natural Colorants for Food Nutraceuticals, Beverages, Confectionery and Cosmetics. Princeton NJ, April1998. 10. Yaron, A. and Karpasas M.. Sulfated microalgal polysaccharides function as emulsifiers in combination with amphoteric surfactants.,The tenth international conference on gums and stabilisers for the food industry.Wrexham,UK,July 1999</p><p>11 Yaron, A. and Karpasas M... Comparison of microalgal exopolysaccharides— rheology and surfactant interactions,The Fifth International Hydrocolloid Conference, Raleigh N C,.2000</p><p>12) Yaron, A. and Karpasas M.. Physical properties of Sulphated microalgal polysaccharides compared with xanthan gum ,International conference 2000-The era of biotechnology. Beer-Sheva. Oct2000 11</p><p>Patents Process for the preparation of stable fresh Aloe vera gel. Patent application no. 93575, February 28, 1990.</p><p>Natural colouring materials. Patent application No. 110396 May 1992. .USA Patent No. 564358500.Australian Patent No. 27135/95</p><p>RESEARCH GRANTS</p><p>1. Modification of some physical properties of edible oils and fats. A. Letan and A. Yaron Israeli oil industries research foundation 1967-1972.</p><p>2. Simmondsia wax production in Israel. M. Forti, A. Benzioni, A. Galun, A. Yaron, J. Wisniak. Ministry of Commerce & Industry, 1976-1981.</p><p>3. Fodder production and utilization by small ruminants in arid regions. M. Forti, A. Yaron U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for the Near East. 1983-1984.</p><p>4. Phycoerythrin production from Porphyridium sp. - $20,000 A. Yaron, S. Arad Israel Chemicals Ltd. 1986-1987.</p><p>5. Development of Aloe vera for cosmetics. A. Yaron - $34,000 Jewish Agency and Ministry of Agriculture 1988-1990</p><p>6. Studies for improvement of processes of purification in TEBIS production - $5,000 A. Yaron Bromine Compounds Ltd. 1990 7. Chemical characterization of commercial lycopene A. Yaron - 9,500 I.S. Makhteshim Chemical Works Ltd.1990. 8 Development of biotechnological systems. Arad,S., Yaron,A., and Rise M. Ministry of Industry and Trade1988- 1992 9. Stabilization of red and blue colors from red microalgae. Arad,S., Yaron,A,, Geresh ,S.-$300,000 Yves Rocher 1995-1997 12</p><p>10 . Development of stable colorings for food and cosmetics Bushman ,I. and Yaron, A-60,000I.S. The Ministry of Absorption-1995 11 .Production and stabilization of blue and red colors from microalgae Zacharotchkin, T. and Yaron,A.-150,000 I.S. The Ministry of Absorption-1996-1999 12.. Sulfated polysaccharides from red microalgae as inhibitors of carotenoid oxidation. .Rise, M. and A. Yaron.-$5000 Center for Natural Polysaccharides.1997 13. Reaction of Anionic Red Algal Polysacharides with Cationic Polymers: Characterization and applications of the Products Yaron,A.-$10,000 Center for Natural Polysaccharides,BGU-1998 14. Development of products,from red microalgae, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids for health food (for newly born and for aged population and for medical purposes. Frutarum Ltd A Yaron , S. Arad</p><p>Synopsis of research</p><p>1. Jojoba wax Various aspects of jojoba wax utilization:a. technology of production and purification, b.chemical characterizaion-profile of fatty acids and fatty alcohols of the fatty esters c.modification of the wax by processes of Ni catalized partial hydrogenation, of geometrical isomerization followed by fractional crystalization and characterization of the products . Ointments and creams based on the purified wax and modified waxes were formulated into cosmetic and therapeutic preparations, and used for clinical and cosmetic evaluation (heat burn treatments, psoriasis and acne). Toxicological studies included a search for methods of production and preservation of the wax meeting pharmacological standards A C14 radiolabeled wax was biosynthesized(by treating the shrub) ,extracted and used for determination of the kinetics of absorption of the wax and its fate in the body of test animals A series of tests of the physiological toleration of the wax introdced to laboratory animals in both oral and subcutanous routes was performed . As a result of these studies we were able to ensure the safe external use of jojoba wax and achieve authorized certification of jojoba-based cosmetics in Israel. They also served as part of the requirements of the Helsinki Committee for the approval of clinical studies with jojoba wax. 13</p><p>2. Evaluation of the feasibility of the use of a number of arid-zone plant species. Arid-zone plant species introduced to the Negev by our agricultural reseach group, as fodder crops. The nutritional potential of these species, used as green fodder and after removal of undesirable fractions, was evaluated The aim of these studies was to increase the agricultural potential of semi-arid zone for fodder, thus enabling the substitution of part of the imported grains with protein-rich fodder. </p><p>3. Aloe vera gel characterization and stabilization,and effects of horticultural conditions Aloe vera gel—the fiber-free mucous exudate of the succulent leaves of aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis†Miller©—was characterized chemically. The composition of the gel and of its polysaccharides was characterized as function of horticultural factors with production of Aloe vera gel - characterization of physical, rheological and chemical properties, causes of deterioration, and post-harvest processes for stabilization of the gel.The composition of the Aloe glucomanan was determinen in fresh and degraded samplesproduced from fresh Aloe leaves.Aloe vera gel was mixed with a variety of different microalgal sulfated polysaccharides , with the natural anionic polysaccharide xanthan gum, or with the non-ionic guar gum in order to determine possible stabilizing effects of these compounds. Rheological studies indicated interaction between aloe vera gel with the algal polysaccharides Porphyridium sp., P. aerugineum and Rhodella reticulata, or with xanthan gum, as shown by increased apparent viscosities, apparent yield points and in some cases hysteresis, but not with guar gum. These properties did not deteriorate during storage. It was therefore proposed that the algal polysaccharides or xanthan gum could serve to stabilize the network structure of fresh aloe vera polysaccharides.</p><p>4. Microalgae as a source of n-3 fatty acids The possibility of using red microalga as a dietary source of n-3fatty acids was investigated .The red microalga Rhodella reticulata was found to be unique among the several red algae studied in a high EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid content in its lipids EPA has therapeutical importance for treatment of canaer of the pancreas, and is important for aged population nutrition.This fatty acid is a part mainly of the polar 14</p><p> glycolipids and phospholipids ,and therefore their content in the cell is higher in the logarithmic phase of growth.. In nutritional and short-term toxicological studies in rats and mice (at a dietary level of up to 10% dry algal biomass of their diet).no adverse effects were observed on the growth rate of the animals, and histological and blood tests did not reveal any toxicity. The EPA content of the liver fatty acids of rats fed a diet containing 10% dry alga was 0.7% versus 0.1% in the control animals. keeping with the above- described study in rats, a decrease of 30% in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels was found in mice fed a diet rich in the algal biomass (7.5%) compared with those receiving a diet with a low content of algal biomass (1.8%). This finding could be due to the effect of the EPA present in the algae or to the polysaccharide acting as a dietary fiber, or to a unique combination of the two components. It seems that the algal lipids show higher stability to oxidation in comparison to fish oil possibly as a result of the presence the natural algal antioxidants. </p><p>5 Microalgal pigments for food, cosmetics and toiletries In keeping with the current trend to change from synthetic to natural colors in cosmetics, the use of microalgae as a source of natural colors opens exciting possibilities for exploiting the potential of this natural resource. The red microalgae contain unique colors called phycobiliproteins. The phycobiliproteins are long chain molecules (120000-240000 dalton), composed of bilins conjugated to protein molecule. The phycobiliproteins are blue and red water soluble colors with red and yellow fluorescence. Two types of pigment were developed from the red microalgae for use in foods and cosmetics: • insoluble dispersible colors –with a whole spectrum of tints, i.e., purple, light blue, blue green, and violet. • water soluble colors –including blue, blue- violet and red (pink), {fluorescent at appropriat conditions)</p><p>We developed the technology for the production of natural dispersible colors.By choosing the particular algal species and culture conditions, a range of attractive 15</p><p> colors were produced.The technology was patented and transferred to Frutarom Ltd Connections were established with Cosmetics firm in the US and initial samples(of up to 25 kg each) are prepared for dispatch for the developing of make up cosmetics based on natural colors. The powders contain about 50% sulfated polysaccharides. Means for micronizing and sterilization of the pigments were developed.The pigments were incorporated in make-up formulations .Fluorescent water soluble food colors. Another type of colors developed from the same algae are water soluble red and blue colors These algal colors are the only edible colors potentially available for food.The fluorescense was tested in a number of foods mainly drinks and alcoholic drinks ,lolly pops, and sugar decoration candies . The potential was demonstrated to a number of food manufacturers here and abroad with the aid of Frutarom Ltd Technology was developed for improving the intensity and the solubility of the colors, and for their stabilization.The stability to light and heat was studied .The pigments were tried in food products in studies carried out with food industries and presented to food industry abroad (including alcoholic drinks producers.</p><p>6 Polysaccharide-Surfactant interaction The exocellular polysaccharides of the red microalgae Porphyridiumsp. Rhodella reticulata, and P. aerugineum are anionic heteropolysaccharides containing half-ester sulfate groups and uronic acid. They form highly viscous pseudoplastic solutions at low concentrations.We examined their rheological properties as function of concentration and of processing The assumption that anionic character of the polysaccharides in combination with lypophilic amphoteric compounds would act as emulsifying and emulsion stabilizing system was examined. Stable emulsions were formed with the studied system. The emulsions showed soft gel behaviour of organized network as indicated by an elastic module G' higher than storage module G",and G' and G" only slightly dependent on frequency . 16</p><p>The performance of xanthan gum in these system (with the amphoteric surfactants) was examined for comparison. Emulsions obtained showed a higher elasticity and viscosity than the microalgal polysaccharide emulsions. It is inferred that the macrostructure of the two types of emulsion is similar. From the data it can be assumed that both high viscosity and electrostatic repulsion between charged molecules contribute to creaming stability.</p><p>6.Zeaxanthin from red microalgae Zeaxanthin is a carotenold that play an important role in our vision and is essential in nutrition of aged population.for the prevention of a ge related macular degenaration, a main cause of blindness in aged population. The red microalgae are unique in the carotenoid composition of their chloroplast-the main carotenoid being zeaxanthin. By screening red microalgal species, and manipulation of growth conditions, we aim at getting enriched source of edible biomass as well as zeaxanthin enriched extract. 7.Development of productsrich in highly unsaturated fatty acids from red microalgae as an health food for newly born babies and for the aged population Red microalgae are screened for high HUFAs content, the effect of culture conditions and stress on the composition of their lipids is determined . Conditions for post harvest treatment of the biomass and for lipids extraction are also being studiedThe goal is to develop edible stable products rich in either EPA or arachidonic acid with optimal bioavailability. </p><p>PRESENT ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES Research in Progress</p><p> Natural pigments from microalgae for food and cosmetics</p><p> Physical Properties of Sulphated Microalgal Polysaccharides </p><p> Enrichment of highly unsaturated fatty acids in red microalgal culture and development of technology for production of the biomass , and of lipid extract as an health food providing these fatty acids. 17</p><p> Development of zeaxanthin rich product from red microalgae 18</p>
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