<p>Name ______Notes 1-2-6</p><p>1-2: The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies</p><p>Neolithic Revolution = Domestication of animals and plants (farming) which began at end of last ice age (about 12,000 years ago). Led to huge population growth b/c of a more stable food supply. It occurred over long time period, and some remained hunters and gatherers.</p><p>Pastoralism and Herding Societies  ______= Domestication of animals but not plants (herding)  Benefits of domesticating animals = transportation, fertilizer, wool/hides for clothing, steady food supply (meat, milk, eggs).  Pastoralism began in grasslands (mostly in Eurasia and Africa)</p><p>Pastoral Society  Social ______(social classes) began to develop = warriors became elites, division of labor between men and women increased.  ______= Pastoralists migrated often, following herds of animals. Often came in contact with sedentary societies, so pastoralists played key role in spreading culture (cultural diffusion)  Technology = carts, chariots, bow and arrows, horseback riders, iron weapons.  Environment = Pastoralists would overgraze animals leading to grassland eroding and in some cases starting to become desert (desertification).</p><p>Location Production Middle East Wheat, goats Africa Dates, Yams S.E. Asia Rice, Millet Americas Potatoes, Maize New Guinea Taro Agriculture  Agriculture began in the Middle East and spread, although some areas developed agriculture on their own (ex: Americas).</p><p>Major Changes Caused by Agriculture  Stable food supply.  Required intensive cooperation and labor.  Led to stationary (sedentary) lifestyle and thus growth of villages and towns.  Concept of private property grew.  Specialization of ______= Had food surplus, not everyone needed to produce food, so some people able to focus on areas other than growing food (this led to social stratification – no more egalitarian society).  ______Society = Bigger division of labor between men and women than hunter/gatherers and pastoralists.  Environment = Forests were cleared and irrigation systems created. From Stone Age to the Ages of Metal: Transitions to Civilization</p><p>Neolithic Revolution Led to Formation of Cities  People could live in one place, so cities start forming.  Cities provided protection, trade, political leadership, and spread of religious ideas  Cities led to more specialization of labor and thus more social stratification = political elites, religious clergy, professional soldiers, artisans, traders, merchants, farmers, etc.  Earliest cities = ______(Middle East) and ______Huyuk (Turkey).</p><p>Technology Continued to Improve During Neolithic Era  New Technology = Hoes, shovels, chisels, saws.  Major Innovations = Weaving (more clothes available), pottery, and the plow (more land cultivated so more food surplus and more specialization of labor)</p><p>Metals  ______(refining ore) and metalworking (shaping metal) began at end of Neolithic Era.  Metallurgy began in the Middle East and China about 4000 B.C.E.  Metal tools better = sharper, more shapes, durable, accurate weapons.  ______Age (3500 B.C.E. – 1200 B.C.E.) = Bronze was first metal used, then replaced by Iron.</p><p>Writing  Societies developed writing (______first about 3500 B.C.E.)  Sometimes civilizations existed without writing (ex: ______) but it was rare.</p><p>Religion  Animism (polytheistic) not as appealing to people living in sedentary villages and cities.  ______(many gods) spread in different forms, though ancestor worship common.  Permanent worship sites were built.</p>