<p> Period 3 600 CE-1450</p><p>Existing trade routes: Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Sahara, Indian Ocean Basins. New trading routes in Latin America and the Andes</p><p>New Trading cities: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Hangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad, Melaka, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia</p><p>Trade in Luxury goods: silk and cotton textiles, porcelain, spices, precious metals and gems, slaves, exotic animals</p><p>Caravan organization: caravanserai, camel saddles</p><p>New Forms of credit & monetization: bills of exchange, credit, checks, banking houses</p><p>Trading organizations (Hanseatic League) and state sponsored commercial infrastructure like the Grand Canal in China, minting of coins, use of paper money </p><p>Expansion of Empires esp facilitated by trans-Eurasian trade and communication: China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates, Mongols</p><p>Movement of people (Migrations) their environmental knowledge and technological advancements: Scandinavian Vikings used longships to travel, Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across Sahara, Central Asian pastoral groups used horses to travel steppes</p><p>Migrations: Bantu who transmitted iron and ag to sub-Sahara, maritime migration of Polynesians who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals. Diffusion of language by migration: Bantu including Swahili, Turkic and Arabic languages</p><p>Islam developed and their interaction with Jews, Christians, Zorastrians. Muslim rule expanded to Afro-Euroasia due to military expansion, missionaries and merchants</p><p>Diasporic communities: Muslim merchant communites in Indian Ocean region, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia, Sogdian merchant communities throughout Central Asia, Jewish communities in Med, Indian and along Silk Road</p><p>Interregional travelers illustrate both extent and limitation of intercultural knowledge: Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Xuanzang</p><p>Diffusion of literary, artistic and cultural traditions: influence of NeoConfucianism and Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, Toltec/Mexica and Inca traditions in Mesoamerica and Andean regions</p><p>Diffusion of science and technological traditions: influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars, return of Greek science and philosophy to Western Europe via Muslim al-Andalus in Iberia, spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from East Asia into the Islamic empires and Westerns Europe</p><p>Diffusion of crops (new foods and agricultural techniques) and pathogens throughout trade routes (ex: Black Death): Bananas in Africa, New rice varieties in East Asia, spread of cotton sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin Empires collapsed and were reconstituted: Byzantine and Chinese dynasties (Sui, Tang, and Song) Traditional sources of power and legitimacy including patriarchy, religion, land owning elites. Innovations better suited to current circumstances; new methods of taxation, tributary systems, adaptation of religious institutions</p><p>New forms of governance esp in Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city states and decentralized governments (feudalism). Islamic states: Abbasids, Muslim Iberia, Delhi Sultanates. City states: Italian peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia, Americas (Mayan region, Aztec and Inca).</p><p>Persian traditions that influences Islamic states, Chinese traditions that influences states in Japan</p><p>Technological and cultural transfers: between Tang China and Abbasids, across Mongol empires, during Crusades</p><p>Increased production capacity esp social and gender structure and environmental processes-rising productivity supports population growth and urbanization but strained environment. New labor practices. Agricultural production increased due to technological innovation: Champa rice variation, chinampa field system, waru waru agricultural techniques of Andean region, improved terracing techniques, horse collar</p><p>Transport of crops from indigenous to equivalent climates in other regions</p><p>Chinese, Persian and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export, industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China</p><p>Fate of cities-yo-yo effect of decline and increased urbanization. Multiple factors led to decline in urban areas: invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity, Little Ice Age. Urban revival: end of invasions, availability of safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800-1300, increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population, greater availability of labor</p><p>Forms of labor organization: Free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, various forms of coerced and unfree labor, government imposed labor taxes, military obligations</p><p>Social structure shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy persisted-but in some areas women exerted more power and influence: Mongols, West Africa, Japan and Southeast Asia</p><p>Diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure</p><p>New forms of coerced labor: serfdom in Europe and Japan, elaboration of mit’a in Inca. Demand for slaves for military and domestic purposes increased particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and Mediterranean.</p><p>Free peasants attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. Regions where free peasants revolted: China, Byzantine Empire</p>