<p> Test Review for Chapters 28-30</p><p> State-sponsored industrialization: Russia began industrializing in 1861; Japan began industrializing in 1868  Indian National Congress (INC)/”Congress Party” formed 1885 & was an association of Western-educated Indians. What was its original purpose?  World War I: 1914-1918 o developments (long-term & short-term) led to WWI? o Factors that made WWI a “world” war? o How were colonies used in WWI? o New developments in warfare used in WWI? o Reasons for Russia’s weaknesses during WWI? o British promises to Zionists? British promises to Arabs? . Significance of Balfour Declaration, 1917?  Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles: 1919 o League of Nations created + why weak? o Terms of the Treaty of Versailles/Effects on nations & colonies? o How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to a second World War?  After WWI, nationalist movements in colonies strengthened with goal of self- determination. Why were these movements stronger after WWI?  Turkey established as a westernized, secular republic for the Turkish people (established by Ataturk)  What factor contributed most women in West gaining suffrage between 1914 and 1950?  Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920 o Causes of the revolution including Porfirio Diaz’s dictatorial president + poor conditions of peasants (land reforms!) + resentment of US foreign business control o Alvaro Obregon’s election in 1920 marked the end of the Mex. Revolution o Results of the revolution for Mexico? o President Lazaro Cardenas’ (1930s) contributions to upholding the goals of the Mexican Revolution?  Russian Revolution, 1917-1921 o Causes of the revolution including Czar Nicholas II’s absolutist control + effects of WWI + poor conditions for peasants (land reforms!) & industrial workers + liberal ideas + radical ideas o 2 phases of the revolution: liberal revolution (Kerensky), communist revolution (Lenin) o How did Lenin try to gain support for communist revolution? o Results of the revolution for Russia?  Chinese Revolution, 1911-1949 o Causes of the revolution including corrupt/ultra-conservative Qing dynasty + poor conditions for peasants (land reforms!) + anti-Western spheres of influence + anti-Japan + liberal reformers (Sun Yat-sen) + radical ideas (communism) o 2 phases of the revolution: the Republic of China (Sun Yat-sen & Jiang Jiseshi), communist China (Mao Zedong) o Trace path of revolution (Guomindang, CCP, civil war, etc.) + why did the Republic fail in China? o USSR gave funding to the Nationalists to establish a modern army for China o Sun Yat-sen & Jiang Jieshi (Guomindang/Nationalist Party); Mao Zedong (Chinese Communist Party) o Results of the revolution for China?  Mexican, Chinese, & Russian Revolutions were all nationalistic, anti-western movements  Gandhi & Mao Zedong were both largely successful in their goals because of their ability to appeal to the peasant population in their nations.  What is civil disobedience? + provide examples of it being used in the process of decolonization  Gandhi (India), Kenyatta (Kenya), & Nkrumah (Ghana) were all advocates of the civil disobedience approach to gaining independence from the West  Great Depression, 1929-1930s o Governments began to take a more active role in regulating their nation’s economies  How did national governments try to respond to the problems created by the Great Depression? . USA, Germany, Japan, Mexico  Fascism emphasizes self-sacrifice for your nation-state, expansion and glorification of the nation’s military, leadership by authoritarian dictators, a denial of personal rights, application of a secret police force and propaganda  What were Hitler’s goals for Germany in the 1930s-early 1940s?  World War II: 1939-1945 o Aggressive actions by totalitarian nations (Germany, Italy, & Japan) sparked WWII o Weak responses to this aggression by the League of Nations, Britain, France, & US o In order to avert war, Britain tried to use appeasement to satisfy Hitler’s desires (ex. Munich Agreement, 1938) o Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939 proved appeasement wouldn’t work  WWII begins o Hitler used blitzkrieg early in the war. How is this different from the strategy on the Western front in WWI? o Allied Powers/Axis Powers – Which nations belonged to each? o Scientific/technological innovations developed & used in WWII? o What is “total war”?  how were WWI & WWII examples of this? o What was the significance of the Atlantic Charter, 1941? o USA saw HUGE economic expansion during WWII due to demands of war effort o Civilians were major targets for attack in WWII. . Holocaust (12 million killed) . Rape of Nanking . Allied bombing of German cities (ex. Firebombing of Dresden, 1945) . Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japan o Allied strategy for defeating the Nazis? Allied strategy for defeating Japan? o Outcomes of WWII? o United Nations, 1945-present  significance? + why stronger than the League of Nations? o Cold War (USA vs USSR/West vs. East/Capitalism vs. Communism), 1945-1991  Decolonization, 1945-1970s o Western nations finally began to grant self-determination to most of their former colonies after WWII (Reasons for this?) o India, 1947 . Be able to explain the nationalist movements in India after WWI as well as their goals, leaders, and strategies (ex. INC, Muslim League) . 1947: partition/independence of India & Pakistan  refugee crisis (Muslims & Hindus cross borders searching for religious protection) o Palestine/Israel . What factors motivated increased Jewish migration to Palestine in the decades after WWI?  results of this migration? . 1948: Israel becomes nation w/partition of Palestine  Arab/Israeli conflict . Sub-Saharan Africa decolonization  Ghana 1st, 1957  Different strategies used to gain independence? o Civil-disobedience (Kenyatta in Kenya, Nkrumah in Ghana) o Guerilla warfare (ie. Algeria vs. France; Mau Mau War in Kenya vs. Britain) o Negotiations w/the West  South Africa maintains white domination by Afrikaner National Party (Apartheid)  After independence, most new African nations: o maintained economic dependence on Western nations o experienced ethnic/tribal conflict/civil war o had weak democracies that fell to brutal dictators </p>