<p>Social hierarchies during the Renaissance</p><p>During the Middle Ages society was based on those who worked, those who fought and those who prayed (peasants, knights & nobles, clergy)</p><p>Race</p><p>Race was used as a term to describe ethnic, religious or national groups</p><p>Black Africans had existed in Western Europe since the Romans (slaves)</p><p>Slaves were sought after for their “uniqueness” and to show wealth</p><p>By the 15th century sizable numbers were entering Europe and the number grew in the 16th century (exs. 4 – 5 thousand were sold to the Portuguese every year, 10 % of the population of Lisbon was black, Elizabeth I complained of too many “blackmoores”, Italians defied excommunication to acquire them)</p><p>Slaves served as different types of laborers but plantation economies did not emerge in Europe</p><p>The thought of Christianity could improve savage African showed the racism of the Europeans</p><p>Class</p><p>Not a term used during the Renaissance but the idea of wealth creating orders emerged</p><p>The “third order” now included merchants who were growing in power</p><p>Nobles were ranked higher; so merchants married into poorer noble families or purchased titles of nobility</p><p>Levels of “honor” were held in different levels (ex. Executioner or manager of the brothel)</p><p>Sumptuary laws set the standards for certain types of clothes worn by different groups (ex. Merchants)</p><p>Gender</p><p>Gender was not a term used in the Renaissance</p><p>The “debate about women” started in the thirteenth century</p><p>Women considered devious, demanding Some defended women of virtue (ex. Christine de Pizan)</p><p>Prints of juxtaposed virtues and vices were popular</p><p>The virtuous wife was like a turtle or snail but the immoral wife was quite often exemplified</p><p>The debate over female rulers advising child kings arose in countries such as Spain, England, Scotland and France</p><p>Debate over social status and education versus gender</p><p>Rulers like Elizabeth I were successful</p><p>The “true man” was the head of the household (Unmarried men had less political power)</p><p>Women were either married or to be married</p><p>Women were not paid the same wages as men, they earned about ½ to 2/3rds of what men did</p><p>Gender was the most “natural” way to rank individuals and the most important to defend</p><p>Evolution of the Nation State</p><p>The High Middle Ages saw the origins of the institutions of the modern state</p><p>Turmoil from the Hundred Years war made it that no ruler could provide effective leadership</p><p>Beginning in the 15th century, rulers worked at curbing unrest and bring the populace under their authority</p><p>France</p><p>Charles VII led the recovery of France after the Plague and Hundred Years War</p><p>He reconciled the Burundians and the Armagnacs</p><p>By 1453, the English had been expelled form France except for Calais</p><p>Reorganized the royal council and gave extended power to lawyers and bankers</p><p>Taxes like the gabelle (salt) and the taille (land) strengthened finances</p><p>Created the first permanent army; paid archers and cavalry Louis XI used the militia to control nobles</p><p>Louis obtained Burgundy, Anjou, Bar, Maine and Provence</p><p>The marriage of Louis XII to Anne of Brittany added that western region</p><p>An agreement between Francis I and Pope Leo X (Concordat of Bologna) let Francis control the appointment of church officials in France for the pope receiving their first year’s income</p><p>England</p><p>Henry IV was unable to control the aristocracy</p><p>The War of the Roses (1455 – 1471) created disorder</p><p>Yorkist leaders starting with Edward IV created peace and restored royal prestige</p><p>Henry VII started the Tudor dynasty (1485 – 1509)</p><p>Avoidance of expensive wars meant that kings did not have to call on Parliament for taxes</p><p>Smaller landlords and urban residents were many of Henry’s chief advisers</p><p>The Court of Star Chamber dealt with aristocratic threats through torture and denial of juries or examination of evidence</p><p>Spain</p><p>A conglomerate of independent kingdoms</p><p>Even after the union of Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) many kingdoms had their own cortes, laws, courts, coinage and taxation</p><p>High nobles were excluded from royal council</p><p>Could appoint bishops in Spain and in the colonies</p><p>With victory in Granada, the Moors (Muslims) were kicked out of Spain</p><p>Ferdinand conquered Navarre in the north</p><p>The Inquisition (1478) tried to convert Jews and others to Catholicism; New Christians were called conversos by the Spanish (200,000) Married their daughter Joanna to duke Philip (Holy Roman Empire)</p><p>Their son was Charles V</p><p>Daughter Catherine was married to Arthur son of Henry VII (England)</p>