Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project

FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIAETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION (EEPCo)Ethiopia- Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (ENREP)ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK (ESMF)Prepared by: Corporate Planning Process, Power System Planning Office, Environmental and Social ExpertsDecember 2011 2Table of ContentsReferencesList of Acronyms% Percent ENREP Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project BoFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development BP Bank Policy MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MoME Ministry of Mines and Energy CBE Commercial Bank of Ethiopia CFL Compact Florescent Lamp CSA Central Statistical Authority dB decibel EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority EMP Environmental Management Plan ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework EA Environmental Assessment E.C. Ethiopian Calendar EWNHS. Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society EARO Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization EHS-MP Environmental Health and Safety Management Plan EHS Environmental Health and Safety EAP Energy Access Project FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GM /CEO General Manager /Chief Executive Officer GO Government Organization2 HH House Hold HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ha Hectare ICS Inter-connected System IPDP Indigenous Peoples Development Plan IBCR Institute for Biodiversity Conservation Research km2 Square kilometers km Kilometer MNREP Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection m Meter mts Meters m.a.s.l Meters above sea level m.b.s.l. Meters below sea level MHP Mini Hydro power mm Millimeter MW Megawatt No. Number NGOs Non-governmental Organization OP Operational Policy OD Operational Directive oC Degrees Celsius Proc. Proclamation PAPs Project affected Peoples PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PSP Power System Planning RAP Resettlement Action Plan RR Rural Road SCS Self-contained Systems STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections SE Supervising Engineer T.B. Tuberculosis TVET Technical Vocational Education Training USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency vol. Volume WB World Bank ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project IntroductionThe purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to clarify the policies, principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project. It is found useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project operations, to share with various stakeholders in the power sector.The project components under the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project are:1. Upgrading Power Transmission Line project, 2. New Expansion Power Transmission Projects, and 3. Rural Electrification Project.The Upgrading Power Transmission Line project are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts because the upgrading activities will all take place within the existing high voltage transmission lines and substations.The purpose of the second component, New Expansion of Power Transmission Project, is to provide electric services to different towns and cities by construction of transmission lines and substations in different parts of the country. Electric power transmission lines are linear facilities in nature that may have some effect on biophysical and socio economic environment including cultural resources. As a linear facility, the impacts of transmission line are mostly localized to the Right-of-Way (ROW). The impact can be minimized through careful route selection. The main purpose of the third component, Rural Electrification Access Project, is to provide electric power to rural towns and villages by low and medium voltage distribution lines. Since distribution line follows the existing road structure no major adverse impact is expected.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 4 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The rural electrification access project aims to connect kebeles and villages. The project will be implemented in nine Ethiopians regions, namely Tigray, Afar, Amhara, Oromiya, Somali, Benshangul, S.N.N.P, Gambella, and Harari Regions.The project potentially involves impacts on houses, trees, agricultural land, etc. Therefore, in order to deal with the adverse impacts, the preparation of environmental and social management framework has been undertaken. This framework document describes the principles, objectives and approach to be followed in minimizing and mitigating the adverse environmental and social potential impacts to be caused as a result of the implementation of the Rural Electrification Access Project. During route surveying, every effort will be made not to affect houses, social services, businesses and farm lands. The rationale for preparing this ESMF is that: a) Most of the Project components are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts. However, since one cannot be sure whether environmental & social impacts will or will not occur in all the project components, it is proposed that precautionary mitigation instrument is in place to ensure that planned activities do not cause negative environmental and social impacts. b) EEPCo found it useful to have a policy document establishing principles and procedures that will govern the mitigation of adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the Project operation to share with various stakeholders in the power sector, and c) Ensure that investments are carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. This ESMF will be used for the project components under the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.According to the World Bank the category of the project is B, this means that there are limited environmental and social issues in this project components. The project provides sustainable power for Northern, Eastern, Western, Southern and Central part of the country. The project also allows the transmission of reliable power from the interconnected system to demand centers across the country.The Need for Upgrading Power Transmission Line EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 5 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The existing power system faces frequent power interruption because of technical problems and power supply became unreliable. The main problem is associated with increased power demand and subsequent overloading of existing transmission facilities. In addition to this, ageing of equipment of the existing transmission and substations contributes to the untrustworthiness of the power transmission system.In general, transmission and distribution networks are overloaded and in poor state of repair. The problems are characterized by high energy loss that is estimated at 20% of the generation capacity and by frequent interruption of electric power. The following are the main causes of the problem: Over loading of the existing line,  Aging of existing line, and Peak demand increaseThe major works under the upgrading power transmission project is erection of transformers, switchgear equipments and conductor stringing on existing transmission lines and substations.Under this project component EEPCo intends to renovate substations to increase reliability and supply capacity. The main objective of upgrading and rehabilitating the substations is to enhance reliability of the power transmission and distribution system and enhance the capacity of the substations to new connections.By upgrading the power transmission system it is possible to reduce frequent interruption, high voltage drop and power loses and supply reliable electric service to households, social services and industries.The Need for New Expansion Power Transmission The need and demand of electric power in the country has grown substantially. In order to satisfy the growing need or demand of the society, reliable and quality supply of electricity is required. Therefore, expansion of high voltage transmission lines has become necessary to provide adequate transmission facilities / arrangements. The objectives of the proposed high voltage transmission line are: Transmit the power generated from power plants and substations to main demand centers.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 6 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Reduce high transmission loss, and To improve system stability and reliabilityThe availability of power in an area would play significant role in economic and social development.By ensuring a regular and more sustainable supply of electricity, it will create investment opportunities in different economic sectors such as food, chemical and metallic and non- metallic industries. Moreover, it also creates opportunities for non- farm and off farm employments. Most of the social services particularly health, education and water development services are found quiet limited due to inadequate and little supply of electricity. The project therefore is indispensable in improving the existing infrastructures to the level of providing adequate services to the communities.The livelihood of the communities would also be improved; women’s burden particularly would be minimized greatly. They may not need to go long distances for fetching water, seeking flour mills and so on.The presence of electricity on the other hand would promote the conservation of forest resources in the area and ease the pressure on indigenous trees by reducing the demand of fuel wood.The Need for Rural Electrification Access The Rural Electrification Access Project under the Universal Electrification Access Program (UEAP) is designed to support the efforts of the Government of Ethiopia to enable communities to have access to electric supply through low cost operation.The main work in this project component will include construction of medium and low voltage overhead line extensions from existing substations.The population’s limited access to electricity constitutes a major barrier to economic development and to the provision of social services in rural areas. To overcome this situation this project component intends to supply power to rural towns and villages. The Ethiopian situation reveals that currently 41% of the population has access to electricity. To improve this situation the government of Ethiopia is implementing Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). In this plan, it is intended to increase the access to electricity to 75 % by the year 2014/2015.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 7 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Implementing Agency EEPCo is the implementing agency under the Ministry of Water and Energy. 1.2 Background and GeneralEndowed with abundant water resources, Ethiopia is said to have a potential to generate a maximum of 45,000 MW of hydro electric power. In addition to this, it also has potential of 5,000 MW from geothermal and 10,000 MW from wind and solar energy Nevertheless, the percentage of the population with connection to electricity is yet extremely low. The low level of access to electricity is a major barrier to economic development and to the provision of social services in rural and urban areas. EEPCo uses two systems of power generation, i.e., interconnected system (ICS) and self contained system (SCS). The ICS consists of 11 hydro powers, 1 geothermal and 15 diesel power plants with total capacity of 1,842.6, 7.3, and 172.3 MW, respectively. Recently three hydro power projects, Tekeze Gilgel Gibe II and Beles, with installed capacity of 1,180 MW, have been finalized, increasing the generation capacity by more than 80 percent.The SCS consists of three small hydro powers and many isolated diesel plants located throughout the country with a capacity of 6.15 MW and 31.34 MW, respectively. 99% of the generated energy comes from ICS while the remaining 1% from SCS.There are a total of 138 substations in the system, of which 7 are 400 kV, 19 are a 230 kV, 60 are at 132 kV, and 33 are at 66 kV and 19 stations at 45 kV level.The major load centers are in and around Addis Ababa, Nazareth, Dire Dawa, Harar and Bahir Dar.Concerning the power distribution in both the ICS and SCS, the primary voltage of 33 kV and 15 kV, and stepped down to utilization voltage of 380/220 V. Total length of the distribution line in both ICS and SCS is 126,038 km in 2009/10. The total length of the existing transmission lines is about 10,884.23 km.Number of electrified towns and villages in 2009/10 has reached 5,163, i.e., of the total population has access to electricity. This has brought the electric energy access to 41 %. However, this figure is based on the population living in the electrified area and the number of the population who is actually using electricity is much less. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 8 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 1.3 Objective of the ESMFThe overall objective of producing the ESMF is to depict the general procedures and methodologies as a framework for the environmental and social impact consideration and management of the Project components to be financed under the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.The specific objectives of this framework are to:1. Identify generic potentially adverse environmental and social impacts and risks that may be encountered in the Project intervention 2. Indicate the possible measures to avoid or minimize the predicted adverse impacts in the project areas. Show the Client the types of interventions required (in general) so that the former can work towards capacity building to cope up with the upcoming work load3. Develop an environmental monitoring plan under the project to ensure that the proposed environmental and social issues will be managed effectively.1.4 Project ComponentsThe Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project would have three major Components: 1. Upgrading Power Transmission Line project, 2. New Expansion Power Transmission Projects, and3. Rural Electrification Access ProjectThe first project component, the Upgrading Power Transmission Line project focuses on upgrading transmission lines and power substations. The major work in this project component is erection of transformers andEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 9 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project switchgear equipments in substations and conductor stringing on existing high voltage transmission towers.The upgrading of power transmission system also aims at rehabilitating and upgrading existing substations to enhance reliability of the system and increase the capacity of the substations to new connections.New Expansion Power Transmission ProjectsUnder this project component transmission lines with different capacities (400 kV, 230 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV) intended to be constructed. The project will be implemented in different parts of the country.The major works in this project component are: Transmission Line stringing, Erection of transmission steel towers, and Erection of substationsUnder this project component there are substations construction works. Substations with different capacity are intended to be constructed in different parts of the country. The main works in this project component will be civil works and installation of substation equipments. The project component also involves Expansion of power transmission Lines that aims at connecting power substations from nearby existing high voltage transmission line and ultimately to be supplied to towns. The project intends to fulfill the increasing power demand of towns’ household for the purposes of economic and social activities.Rural Electrification ProjectThe project mainly involves construction of medium and low voltage distribution lines to provide power to rural towns, villages, social service centers and irrigation facilities.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 10 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project This type of distribution lines normally follows the road network except for bends and curves where it is more economical to make shortcut if that is technically feasible.The project sites needs to be identified at the design stage.The key components of rural electrification include the following: Erection of concrete poles, Stringing of overhead medium and low voltage distribution lines, and Installation of pole mounted distribution transformers at the towns/villages/load centers1.5 Scope of Project and the Assessment The main objective of the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project. is to increase the reliability of electric supply and to allow power supply to rural towns and villages. The environmental and social management framework specifies potential impacts and mitigation measures for the three project components.1.5.1 The Upgrading Power Transmission Line will take place in different regions of the country. The major work activities in this project component will be carried out on existing power transmission towers and substations. Substations will be rehabilitated and upgraded for reliable power supply and to increase the capacity for new connections. Under this project component, power substations in the country will be rehabilitated and upgraded. No measure adverse impacts are expected in this project component. Potential impacts particularly related on health and safety issues can be dealt with appropriately in the project component. 1.5.2 A new Expansion power transmission project activity involves conductor stringing, construction of substations, erection of steel towers. The impact of the project component is site specific in nature and do not significantly affect human population or alter environmentally important areas including major natural habitats. Mitigation measures can be designed for this particular project component. Normally environmental and social impact assessment will be carried out after the specific project areas are identified.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 11 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 1.5.3 The Rural Electric Access project component involves construction of over head medium and low voltage distribution lines in rural areas in different parts of the country. The distribution lines follow existing road structures so that no major social and environmental impact anticipated. The environmental and social assessment will take into consideration all project intervention zones pertaining to different project sites. The consideration of the assessment would be based on a sampling in relation to geographic location and agro-climatic zone of the individual projects and substations. EEPCo line crews are based in the cities and towns and casual labor is recruited from the cities following discussions with local communities.This ESMF study provides a framework of environmental and social considerations while implementing the intended projects.1.6 Environmental and Social PlanningEnvironmental and social planning is the process of identifying and considering environmental factors that impact on, or are impacted by, the planned activities, in this case, the Project is proposed to provide Upgrading power transmission system, Expansion of Power Transmission and Rural Electrification Access Project. A comprehensive and an overall environmental and social planning may generally follow the procedure given in Figure 1.1.Establishing a planning teamDeveloping an environmental vision for the futureEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 12 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Defining the environmental and social need of the community to be servedIdentifying feasible solutions (for the expected environmental and social problems)Setting priorities for action (with schedule)Implementation of the planFigure 1.1 A Comprehensive Environmental and Social PlanningElectricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project in collaboration with the Environmental and Social Experts of Power System Planning (PSP) of EEPCo will be responsible to handle the environmental and social issues and fully involve in mitigating the adverse impacts that may occur in the different phases of the proposed projects. Environmental and Social Experts of Power System Planning’s role in general, is to regularly monitor the project areas and help mitigate the environmental and social impacts properly and on time. The environmental and social needs of the community to benefit from the Project should also be considered. In other words, the environment from which the communities derive their means of livelihood should not be destructed or damaged as a result of implementing the Project. Areas of social and economic interest of the community should also be protected. Therefore, to achieve the needs of the community, EEPCo, the Designers and Contractors should closely work with the impacted community at different stages of the Project.If unavoidable environmental impacts result from the Project, the team will apply the ESMF guidelines to minimize the effects. The solutions or mitigation measures may vary from simple to complex interventions depending on the problems that may arise during implementation and operation phases.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 13 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project After identifying the possible solutions to the environmental and social problems, the next step may be to prioritize these solutions on activity breakdown and temporal basis (in the form of schedule).The final step is to undertake the proposed and prioritized activities.At all stages, the planning made by the team should be reviewed by Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project and the Power System Planning before proceeding to the next stage. Then, the Access Expansion and Reinforcement of Electricity Network project submit the finalized version of the planning of the Project to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the EEPCo and the Project would be implemented after the approval by the CEO.In general, all the planning processes should be based on public consultation and participation for the sustainability of the project. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 14 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2. Existing Policy, Legal and Administrative Frameworks2.1. National Environmental RequirementsIt has become a customary practice that the effects of development projects on the environment should be assessed in order to ensure that projects, as much as possible, must be friendly to the environment. This initiative in turn will contribute to sustainable development in general and poverty reduction in particular. To this effect, therefore, governments, donor agencies and other non - government entities have developed laws, policies, regulations and guidelines to enable proponents, competent agencies and other stakeholders to play their parts successfully. The following sections present the existing legal and institutional framework from the Ethiopian government and the World Bank perspectives. 2.1.1. National Legal Requirements Although there were sporadic efforts towards environmental protection the establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA) can testify the fact that a legal foundation has begun to be laid especially since 1995. The Constitution The current Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was issued in 1995 through a Proclamation No. 1/1995. The Constitution has an exclusive article on the environment and therefore states in its Article 44 Sub Article 1 that:“All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.”Furthermore, concerning compensation to project affected people (PAPs), Sub Article 2 provides that: EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 15 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project “ All persons who have been adversely affected or whose rights have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance. “On the other hand, regarding public consultation and participation, in Article 92 Sub Article 3, it is stated that: “ People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies or projects that affect them directly.”In general, the Constitution is the primary regulation on which the other proclamations and regulations have been based. 2.1.2. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government has undertaken a number of initiatives to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies for environmental conservation and protection. Paramount amongst these was CSE, approved by the Council of Ministers, which provided a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects. The CSE provides a comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross sectoral strategy, action plans and programs, as well as providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frame works for implementation.Based on CSE, the Afar Regional State have already developed Conservation Strategy document for its respective Zones and Woredas. The document gives details about environmental issues prevalent in the territory and outlining how the environmental issues to be addressed.Proclamation on Environmental Impact AssessmentThe primary objective of Proclamation No. 299/2002 is to make EIA a mandatory undertaking for specified categories of activities to be carried out by the public or private sector and to define the extension of EIA to policies, plans and programs level, in addition to individual projects. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 16 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.1.3. National Legislation on Expropriation of Land and CompensationThe Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005) was issued in accordance with Article 55 (1) of the Constitution. The Proclamation established detail procedures setting the time limits within which land could be acquired after a request is received from proponent and principles of compensation. The Proclamation also states that the power of valuation of property shall be carried out by a committee to be established.2.1.4 Research and Conservation of Ethiopian Cultural HeritageThe Constitution of the FDRE Article 51/3 declares the federal government “shall establish and implement national standards and basic policy criteria for public health, education, science and technology, as well as for the protection and preservation of cultural and historical heritage.Based on this, the Council of Ministers of FDRE endorsed the Cultural Policy of Ethiopia in October 1997 and issued the Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Proclamation No. 209/2000 Based on the proclamation, the Authority for Research and Conservation of Ethiopian Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) was established under Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Protection and conservation of cultural heritage from manmade and natural hazards is one of the goals of the Authority. Article 42 of the proclamation states under “reserved area” that the Authority has the power of issuing building permission for any work to be carried out in an area declared reserve by the Council of Ministers. There is an article which states that the removal of any cultural ruins is to be carried out under strict supervision of ARCCH.2.1.5 Ethiopia’s Environmental Policy The policy was issued (through the approval by the Council of Ministers) in 1997 mainly based on the environmental concerns stipulated in the Constitution. The Policy has based itself on several guiding principles in order to ensure the consistency and sustainability of the subsequent policies and strategies for the formulation and implementation of programs.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 17 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.1.6. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy The Ministry of Water and Energy has formulated the Federal Water Resource Management Policy (WRMP) for a comprehensive and integrated water resource management. The overall goal of the policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient, equitable and optimum utilization of the available water resources of the country for significant socio economic development on sustainable basis. The specific objectives of the policy include: Promote the development of the water resources of the country for economic and social benefits of the people, on equitable and sustainable basis;  Allocate and apportion the water, based on comprehensive and integrated plans and optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of access and sustainability of resources; Manage and combat drought as well as other drought associated impacts and disasters through efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient use of water resources; and Conserve, protect and enhance water resources and the overall aquatic environment on sustainable basis. The policy requires water resources schemes and projects to have “Environmental Impact Assessment and Evaluation”.2.1.7. Wildlife Policy The wildlife policy covers a wide range of policies and strategies relating, amongst others, to wildlife conservation and protected areas. It is developed by the forms Ministry of Agriculture /MoA/ whose prime objective is the preservation, development and sustainable utilization of Ethiopia’s wildlife resources for social and economic development and for the integrity of the biosphere.2.1.8. Forest Policy and Strategies There is no forest policy statement in place at the federal level. However, draft forest development and conservation policy is currently under discussion in the MoA and also at regional levels. They are expected to express theEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 18 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project determination and commitment of the government to conserve and develop and rehabilitate the forest resources of the country and region. 2.1.9. National Population PolicyThis policy was issued in April 1993 and aims at closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity, through a planned reduction in population growth, combined with an increase in economic returns. With specific references to natural resources, the population policy had the following specific objectives: Marking population and economic growth compatible and the over exploitation of natural resources unnecessary. Ensuring spatially balanced population distribution patterns, with a view to maintaining environmental security and extending the scope of development activities. Improving productivity of agriculture and introducing off-farm non- agricultural activities for the purpose of employment diversification.  Maintaining and improving the carrying capacity of the environment by taking appropriate environmental protection and conservation measures.2.1.10. National Policy on Women This policy was issued in March 1993 and stresses that all economic and social programs and activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and in the decision making process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the central and regional institutions. 2.1.11. National Energy Development Policy, May 1994The National Energy Policy of 1994 has the objective of facilitating the development of energy resources for economical supply of energy to consumers in an appropriate form and in the required quantity and quality. The strategies consist of the accelerated development of indigenous energy resources and the promotion of private investment in the production and supply of energy.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 19 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.1.11.1. Objectives of Energy Policy  Enabling access of the largest portion of the population to modern energy at an affordable price, Protecting and preserving existing fuel wood resources, realization of the national energy resources potential, Establishment of efficient strategies for the energy sector and its different sub-sectorsThe national energy policy of the country emphasizes the need to develop environmentally friendly hydropower to meet the countries energy needs and to encourage the private sector to invest in hydropower. The following are the main priorities of current energy policy in Ethiopia: The need for equitable development of the energy sector in parallel with other social and economic developments. Attainment of self sufficiency through the development of indigenous resources with minimum environmental impact and equitably distribution of electric in all regions In order to achieve the aforementioned objectives in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner, the following strategies have been defined by EEPCo: Fast development of the countries hydro power resources,  Increasing the current low level electricity access within short period of time,  Expanding EEPCo ‘s market to neighboring countries and beyond , through active participation in regional and bilateral power trade initiatives,  Intensifying electric usage within already electrified towns, and  Improving EEPCo’s service delivery capabilities through implementing reforms.Hydro power development should reconcile with the three fundamental framing principles:EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 20 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  the promotion of human right; The protection of the environment; and The right to economic development. 2.1.12 National EIA Procedural GuidelinesThe FEPA, 2003, EIA Guidelines are based on the Constitution, the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia, the Proclamations on EIA, Pollution Control and Establishment of FEPA and other Environmental Organs in the country. The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA in the country and the requirements for environmental management. The FEPA EA Procedural Guideline mainly aims particularly at: Ensuring the implementation of the EPE and compliance of EA related legal and technical requirements, Providing a consistent and good practice approach to EA administration in Ethiopia, Assisting proponents and consultants in carrying out their environmental assessment related tasks, Assisting Interested and Affected Parties, especially communities in realizing their environmental rights and roles, Assisting Environmental Protection Organs, Competent and Licensing agencies in discharging their roles and responsibilities, and Establishing partnership and networking among and between key stakeholders in EA administration.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 21 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.1.13 EEPCo’s Environmental Guidelines for the Power SectorOn the basis of the Constitution as well as the Environmental Policy, and based on the peculiar functional and operational characteristics of the EEPCo produced an Environmental Guidelines that is currently serving the Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo for its day-to-day environmental activities. 2.2 Institutional Framework Federal and Regional Environmental Organs In order to implement the legal requirements at different hierarchy, it was found mandatory that institutional arrangement should be made. To this effect, the establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA) was realized with Proclamation No. 9/1995. Later, the re - establishment of the Federal EPA, along with the Regional Bureaus, was made through Proclamation No. 295 / 2002 to “… ensure that all matters pertaining to the country’s social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they depend for survival”.The FEPA and the Regional environmental organs, inter alia, have the following major duties and responsibilities. a) To prepare environmental protection policy and laws; and upon approval follow up their implementation. b) To prepare directives and systems necessary for evaluating the impact of social and economic development projects on the environment ; monitor and supervise their implementation ; and c) To prepare standards that help in the protection of soil, water and air as well as the biological systems they support, and follow up their implementation. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 22 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Sectoral Environmental Organs Following the establishment of the FEPA and the Regional Environmental Protection Bureaus, establishment of environmental units within sectoral ministries was proposed as a positive and proactive measure to consider environmental protection while appraising and implementing projects. That is, mainstreaming environmental protection through undertaking the correspondent environmental management activities at different stages of the project cycle. The Sectoral environmental monitoring units have a direct functional relationship with the FEPA. 2.2.1. Sectoral Environmental PoliciesAmong the sectoral policies, the wildlife policy is the one developed by the Ministry of Agriculture aiming to preserve, develop and sustainably utilize the countries wildlife resources. Water resource policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient and optimum utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on sustainable bases. The policy is to establish and institutionalize environmental conservation and protection requirements as internal parts of water resources planning and project development. 2.2.2. Ministry of Water and Energy (MoME)Ministry of Water and Energy is one of the sectoral ministries that have established Environmental Unit to manage environmental and social matters. Based on the delegation from FEPA, the Ministry reviews ESIA documents, provides approval and monitors the performance of the development project.2.2.3. Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA)The Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA) was re-established in October 2002 under the proclamation No. 295/2002. FEPA has broad mandates covering environmental matters at federal level. The proclamation sets out the main responsibilities and broad organizational structures of FEPA. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 23 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.2.4. Agricultural InstitutionsThe Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) has delegated almost its authority to the regional bureau of Agriculture and Rural Developments. The Ministry has different technical departments working in different Regional States. 2.2.5. Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo)The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) is a national electricity utility established as a public enterprise by Council of Ministers regulation No. 18/1997. According to this regulation, EEPCo is mandated to engage in the business of power generation, transmission, distribution and selling of electric energy and to carry out any other activities that would enable it to achieve its stated mission. This project’s proponent is EEPCo. 2.3. Environmental Framework Legislation 2.3.1. Proclamation on Institutional Arrangement for Environmental ProtectionThe proclamation for the establishment of Environmental Protection Organs, No. 295/2002, was issued to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among Environmental Protection Agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation recognizes assigning responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental development and management activities on the one hand and environmental protection, regulations and monitoring on the other, is instrumental for the sustainable use of environmental resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interests and duplication of efforts. 2.3.2. Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment The primary aim of the proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment (No.299 /2002) is to make ESIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors and possibly, the extension of ESIA to policies, plans and programs.2.3.3. Proclamation on Environmental Pollution ControlThe proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control No.300/2002 is mainly based on the right of each citizen to live in a healthy environment, as well as the obligation to protect the environment of the country. The primary objective of the proclamation is to provide the basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed andEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 24 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project to make the valuation of these standards a punishable act. The proclamation states that the “polluter pays” principle will be applied to all persons. Under this proclamation, EPA is given the authority to ensure implementation and enforcement of environmental standards and related requirement to inspectors assigned by EPA or Regional Environmental Agencies. 2.4. Legal Framework for Expropriation and Compensation2.4.1. Land TenureLand in Ethiopia is state owned by proclamation No.31/1975, issued to deal with government ownership of rural land and proclamation No. 47/1975, issued to cover Government ownership of urban land. Under article 3 (1) of the first proclamation, all rural land shall be the collective property of the Ethiopian People. In December 1994 the new constitution retained land under the control of the people and government of Ethiopia. Article 40 states that ownership of both urban and rural land is vested in the state and the people and is common property, which is not subject to sale or other means of exchange. Peasants have the right to obtain land without payment and are protected against eviction from land in their possession. 2.4.2. Forest Resources Conservation Proclamation (1994)The proclamation has incorporated provisions that aim at ensuring the conservation of forests and determines how forest shall be developed and utilized. It also recognize that the sustainable utilization of the country’s forest resources should be achieved through the participation of the people and benefit sharing by the concerned communities, as well as by formulating policies and programs in conformity with other economic sectors particularly agricultural development 2.4.3. ExpropriationThe Constitution also guarantees people whose livelihood is land based and pastoralists the right to have access to land as well as the protection against eviction from their possession (Article 40.4 and 40.5). In article 40.8, it also states that, private property may be expropriated for public use subject toEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 25 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property”. In July 2005, the Government of Ethiopia has issued a new proclamation entitled, “Proclamation to provide for the expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensation” proclamation No.455/2005. This new proclamation has several articles on determination of compensation, on displacement compensation, valuation procedures, property valuation committees and on complaints and appeals in relation to compensation. In part two, article 3, No.1 of the proclamation it states that; “ A Woreda or an urban administration shall, up on payment in advance of compensation in accordance with this proclamation, has the power to expropriate rural or urban land holdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where such expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the same purpose”. Proclamation No. 455/2005 provides a better displacement compensation for rural land holdings compared to previous laws.In part 3 of article 8 it states that:“A rural land holder whose land holding has been permanently expropriated shall, in addition to the compensation payable under Article 7 of this proclamation, be paid displacement compensation which shall be equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land”. The proclamation also states that in urban areas PAPs will be provided with a plot of land (land for land compensation) for their expropriated land to be used for the construction of house and also be paid with compensation for displacement.Recently, Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2007 was issued on the payment of compensation for property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes, for the proper implementation of the proclamation No. 455/2005. This regulation was issued for the purpose of not only paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore their livelihood.This regulation set forth details to determine the amount of compensation for different assets found on land holdings expropriated for public purpose and stipulated the formula to calculate the amount of compensation payable for different assets.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 26 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 2.4.4. CompensationRegarding the determination of compensation in part three, article 7 of this proclamation (Proclamation No. 455/2005), the basis and amount of compensation is clearly explained. In this article, sub article 1, a land holder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of compensation for his/her property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he/she made such land. Article 7(2) states that the amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on the basis of replacement cost of the property. Under Article 8(1) of proclamation 455/2005, a survival landholder whose land holding has been permanently expropriated shall in addition to the compensation payable under Article 7 of this proclamation be paid displacement compensation, which shall be equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured to bring the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. All PAPs and organizations (whether public or private) that losses houses, crops or sources of income will be compensated or rehabilitated according to the types and amount of their losses. The cut-off-date for compensation eligibility will be set once all detailed measurements have been completed. Compensation will not also be paid for any structure erected or crops and trees planted purely for the purpose of gaining additional compensation. Cultivating land, constructing settlement in project affected areas after the cut-off-date will not be eligible for compensation or subsidies. 2.4.5. Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE)Ministry of Water and Energy is one of the sectoral Ministries that have established Environmental Unit to manage environmental and social matters. Based on the delegation from FEPA, the Ministry reviews ESIA documents, provides approval and monitors the performance of the development project.2.4.6. EEPCo’s Strategy for Expropriation and CompensationIt is the objective of EEPCo to avoid or reduce the environmental and social impacts of its power projects to a minimum level. If adverse social impacts that will occur are unavoidable, EEPCo then will open consultation with PAPs and perform legal compensation for loss of all their properties. To achieve the social mitigation goal, EEPCo will allocate adequate budget for compensationEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 27 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project before the project implementation. EEPCo in consultation with the administration of Regional State, Zones, Woredas and Kebele Associations shall establish property valuation committee as per the proclamation No. 455/2005. It is the project's prime task to initiate the establishment of property valuation committee to properly implement compensation payment for PAPs on time before the implementation of the project.EEPCo’s Power System Planning /PSP/Power System Planning of EEPCo comprises environmentalists and sociologists to address environmental and social issues that may arise due to its operation. The following are the major duties and responsibilities of the Environmental and Social experts of Power System Planning within the functional or operational framework of the EEPCo: Responsible to carry out Initial Environmental Examination or Environmental Screening in the preliminary design phase. The experts are not expected to conduct a full EIA study, because the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA) demands EIA studies to be performed by an independent consultant. Prepares TOR to conduct a full EIA study. Power System Planning is taking full responsibilities to shortlist Environmental Consultants, prepare RFP or tender documents and evaluate the technical and financial proposals of the short listed firms. The Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo are responsible to monitor the environmental and socio-economic activities in different power project areas, to make sure that contractors are complying according to the technical specification stated in the contract agreement.  The Environmental and Social experts of EEPCo may also conduct the monitoring of resettlement activities either independently or in company with the government and non-government stakeholders on regular basis.  Monitoring of forest clearing operation is preferably to be conducted jointly with the government stakeholders.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 28 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Review of documents related to environmental and social management undertakings by consultants.  Power System Planning represents EEPCo in all the matters that are related to the Environmental study of a project.The functional locations of the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project and the Power System Planning are shown in the Figure below:Organizational Structure of EEPCo’s ENREP and Power System Planning /PSP/Adverse environmental and social impacts caused by the EEPCo’s project operations will be jointly monitored by the EEPCo’s, Power System Planning and the project office. The Power System Planning and the project office are responsible for the monitoring of adverse environmental and social impactsEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 29 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project and coordinate the preparation and implementation of the EIAs, EMPs, and the RAPs where it is deemed necessary.2.5. Multi - Lateral AgreementsThe Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has ratified several international conventions and protocols as listed below:-  Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer (1996)  Montreal Protocol for Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (1990) United Convention on Law of the Sea. Convention on Biodiversity (Rio convention) 1994 Framework Convention of United Nations on Climate Change (1994) Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary movement of Hazardous Substance (2002)  African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources  Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as waterfowl habitat (Ramsar)  Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), ratified in 1997  Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, ratified 1972  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (1970) Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (PAPs, 22nd May 2001)  International Plant Protection Convention2.6. International Banks’ RequirementsThe Regional Development Banks, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), all have environmental policies and guidelines which in most respects resemble those of the World Bank Policies. The Regional Development Banks use environmental screening to place projects as category A, B or C (ADB & EBRD) or as category I, II or III (AfDB). These categories are EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 30 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project similar in principle to those of the World Bank with only minor differences between each Bank. ADB and EBRD procedures are developed from the World Bank procedures (Hydro power development, Environmental effects, 1995)Common to all Regional Development Banks, including the World Bank, is that the responsibility for meeting the environmental requirements rests on the hand of the borrower. The FEPA report shall be commissioned and /or carried out by the authorities of the country seeking a loan. On controversial projects the Bank normally establishes an independent panel of experts to control and give advice on how to deal with environmental aspects. 2.6.1 The World Bank’s RequirementsAccording to the World Bank project screening criteria, the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project is categorized as “Category B Project”. That is, more limited environmental analysis is appropriate, as the project may have specific environmental impacts.The World Bank provides guidance on requirements in the Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, which includes the most recent versions of the World Bank Operational Policies as well as the updates. The World Bank has ten “Safeguard Policies” whose primary objective is to ensure that Bank operations do not cause adverse impacts. The ten safeguard policies are grouped into Environment & Social Policies. Of these ten safeguard policies, three are not applicable as they relate to international law on waters and disputed areas, and the safety of dams. The following safeguard policies have been considered in this study. 2.6.1.1 The Bank’s Safeguard PoliciesThe following are the World Bank Safeguard Policies that are or likely to be pertinent to the Program under consideration.2.6.1.2 OP 4.01 Environmental AssessmentEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 31 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The core requirement of this policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts.Environmental Assessment (EA) ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process and ensures that the views of PAPs and local NGOs are incorporated as early as possible for Category A and B projects.It is worth noting that OP 4.01 applies to all components of a project with financing from the World Bank, including co-financed components by the Borrower or by other funding agencies.2.6.1.3 OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural ResourcesProtection of cultural, historical archeological sites as stated in OP/BP 4.11. The policy requires the project avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources.The policy bases itself on investigating and inventorying any chance finds and cultural resources potentially affected. It includes mitigation measures when there are adverse impacts on physical cultural resources. The Borrower assesses the project’s potential impacts on physical cultural resources as an integral component of the Environmental Assessment (EA). The process steps for the physical cultural resources component of the EA are the same for Category A and B projects.The physical cultural resources component of the EA provides for(a) an assessment of physical cultural resources likely to be affected by the project, (b) documentation of the characteristics and significance of the these resources, and EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 32 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (c) an assessment of the nature and extent of potential direct and indirect impacts on these resources. Where the EA predicts adverse impacts on physical cultural resources, the cultural resources component of the EA includes a management plan which includes: (a) actions to mitigate adverse impacts, (b) provisions for the treatment of physical cultural resources discovered during project implementation and operation (hereafter referred to as “chance finds”), (c) any necessary measures for strengthening institutional capacity to implement the management plan, and (d) a monitoring system to track progress of these activities.The management of cultural property should be undertaken in conjunction with consulting the appropriate agencies including NGOs and academic institutions.The Bank avoids projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.2.6.1.4 OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary ResettlementAvoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs.Assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them.Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement. Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 33 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project and (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. The impetus of this Policy is that development projects should not cause the impoverishment of the people who are within the area of influence of the projects. In cases where resettlement of people is inevitable, proper resettlement action plan should be undertaken to at least restore or improve, as stated above, their standard of life prior to the projects.Concerning public consultation, resettlers as well as the host communities should be consulted for the successful implementation of the resettlement process. The views of the consulted resettlers and the host communities should be incorporated into the resettlement action plan (RAP) including the list of their choices.2.6.1.5 Bank’s Policy on Access to InformationIt is a requirement of the Bank that the peoples residing in the project areas have the Right to be informed of the proposed development project(s) in their respective areas. Therefore, prior to project appraisal, the summary of the study of projects along with other relevant information should be disclosed at the Bank’s as well as project area (local) level. The Disclosure Policy requires that Category B Environmental Assessment reports should be self-standing documents, and thus disclosure is a pre-requisite for appraisal of the project. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 34 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 3. Description of the Proposed Project 3.1. Project Description The project components under the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project are:1. Upgrading Power Transmission Line project,2. New Expansion Power Transmission Projects, andEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 35 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 3. Rural Electrification Access Project3.1.1. Upgrading Power Transmission Line projectThe main objective of Upgrading Power Transmission Line project is to upgrade the existing power Transmission system in different regions of the country to ensure reliable power supply and enable connection of new customers.The Upgrading Power Transmission Line project covers upgrading of transmission lines and substations in Western, Eastern, Northern, Southern and central part of the country. The main works in this project component involves: Conductor stringing on existing high voltage steel towers, Erection of substation equipments, and  Erection of transformers.The Purpose of the Upgrading Power Transmission Line is: Enhance reliable power supply, Reduction of voltage drop and power loss, and Supply of electricity to new customers, Causal labor will be recruited from the construction area thus providing employment opportunity to the local communities. No camp or other temporary facilities are required.The main structural intervention is the conductor stringing. The upgrading work will not displace any households; hence there will be no land acquisition or resettlement of households. However, crop damage may occur during the stringing work because of access road and for which a compensation plan shall be prepared.Substation Upgrading and Rehabilitation works will be carried out on existing substations landholdings and hence negative environmental and social impacts are not anticipated in this project component. The necessary mitigation measures will beEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 36 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project indicated in this ESMF and appropriate follow up and monitoring will be done by the Environmental and Social Experts of EEPCo.3.1.2. New Expansion Power Transmission ProjectsThe purpose of the third project component, New Expansion Power Transmission Projects, is to fulfill the growing demand in the different parts of the country. The main works in this component is construction of transmission lines with different capacities (400 kV, 230 kV, 132kV, and 66 kV). In this project component, high voltage transmission lines are intended to be constructed. In addition to this power substations will be constructed in different parts of the country. The main works in this project component involves: Conductor stringing, Construction of substations, and  Erection of steel towers.The project component will also involve expansion of power transmission lines by connecting the power substations from nearby high voltage transmission lines. It is estimated that the length of the transmission line from existing nearby high voltage line to the existing substations will be not more than 4 km. The upgrading of substations will take place on existing power substations. 4. Description of Baseline Environmental ConditionsThe baseline environmental condition is described hereunder on the basis of the fact that the locations of each of the subprojects are distributed in the whole country. Therefore, the approach followed in this case is that, since these locations could be anywhere, it is better to describe the environmental situations of the Regions that totally form the bulk of the country. That is, the environmental descriptions do not refer to specific project sites.The country is composed of nine regional states and two Metropolitan City Administrations under the Federal Administration. The following description of the environmental baseline situation deals with that of these Regional Administrations.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 37 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 4.1 The Afar Regional StateAfar region lies in the arid and semi arid climatic zone within the Great Rift Valley of East Africa with an irregular drainage systems and depressions. It lies in the geographic location between 8049’ and 14030’ N latitude and 39034’ to 42028’ east longitude. The land area of Afar Region is about 94,817 km2, and is divided into five Zones with 32 districts (Woredas) and 401 Kebele administrative structures. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 38 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Bio – Physical EnvironmentTopographyThe topography of the Afar region varies from hilly escarpment in the western and southern edges with an altitude of 1,000 – 1,500 masl to low plain land areas in the north east and south east. The altitude of the lowlands fall on average between 0 – 1,000 masl, while there are some areas below sea level. Over 95% of the Afar Region lies in the altitude range below 1,000 masl. About 8% of the total land area lies below sea level. This region is also known for its lowest altitudinal location (depression) in the world, having depths as low as 114 meters below sea level (mbsl) in the Danakil depression in the northern part of the region. Climate The region is one of the areas having high temperature and low rainfall. Temperature in the region ranges from a mean maximum temperature of 42.5oC in the area of Doubti Woreda and mean minimum temperature of 17.8oC in the high altitude zone at Gewane. The area has moisture index of less than 0.25 and receives mean annual rainfall of 200 mm. Severe dry season occurs in May and June at regional level. This season has the hottest temperature. The main rainy season occurs between July and September, while short rain stays between March and April. Rainfall ranges from 500 mm on the western edges of the regional state to 200 mm in the lava plains to the eastern part of the region.Geology and SoilsAccording to geological map of Ethiopia (1996), the geological formation of the area includes: Afar series; mildly alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and pre- alkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome and flows and ignibrites). Basalt flows, spatter cones and hyaloclastites, (a)Transitional type between alkaline and tholeitic. (b) alkaline olivine basalt.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 39 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Undifferentiated alluvial, lacustrine and beach sediments. Alkali granite and syenite. Rhyohitic Volcanic centers, obsidian pitchstone, pumice ignibrite, tuff subordinate truchaytic flows (alkaline and peralkaline composition), and Alluvial and lacustrine deposits: Sand silt clay diatomite, limestone and beach sand. The region is divided into three geomorphologic units. These are the escarpment areas, the escarpment foot area and the plain areas. The main geologic unit of the Afar Region includes volcanic rocks of the Afar Group and sedimentary of the quaternary age. Outcrops of the Afar group which are dominantly basaltic are found exposed in many areas of the region. Sand, silt, clay and reef limestone of Holocene age cover lager part of the region.The major soils of the region in general include: Fluvisols /12.57 %/, which are fertile and easy to work with( this soil type is found along the river courses),  Leptosols /20.60 %/ ( found along plateau margins and steeper slops) that have rocky characteristics, Eutric Regosols /18.88 %/ (found on gentle /undulating/ rolling , moderate to high relief hills), Eutric Cambisols and Vertic Cambisols /8.06 %/, and Solonchaks /18.72 %/ which are typical soils that develop in arid climatic conditions and most plants can not grow on them.The soils of the region have limited fertility value. The fertile soils of the region include fluvisols found adjacent to major stream courses.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 40 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Vegetation Cover and Wildlife The vegetation cover of Afar in general is sparse and the area is prone to desertification. Over 70% of the land area in Afar region is bare land. The main vegetation types in the region include. Juniperous olea forest rising to less than 7m in height, Riparian Woodlands/ forest, species constituting varieties of acacia trees,  Shrub land; predominantly acacia species and prosopis. Bushland; the dominant species include acacia and balanites species.Wildlife resource of the region is rich. Wildlife of the area are those that are most adaptive creatures to the arid and semi arid lands of the region.The region has two national parks: the Yangudi Rassa National Parks covering about 4,731 km2 and the Awash National Park in part (756 km2). In addition, West Shewa, Gewane and Mille-Serdo wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves, and the Afdem- Gewane Controlled Hunting areas are found in the Region. There are number of wildlife species in these parks including Lion, Swain’s hartebeest.The most endangered mammals in the area are Beira antelope, Dorcas gazelle and Speck’s gazelle.There are two major Bird Sanctuaries in the Region: namely, Abe Lake and Aliyu Amba-Dulecha Sanctuaries. Land use / Land coverThe major portion of the land in the region is bare land followed by shrubland. The regional land use and land cover is described as in table 4.1. Table 4.1: Land use / Land cover of Afar Region,( 1998/1999)EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 41 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Land area % of total N Description (hectare) area o 1 Cultivated Land 205,520 2.23 2 Riparian woodland 145,000 1.58 3 Bush land 124,367 1.35 4 Shrub land 1,257,603 13.68 5 Grassland 725,062 7.88 6 Wetland /seasonal 232,889 2.54 swamp or marsh 7 Bare land 6,444, 559 70.09 8 Water body 61,000 0.66 Total 9,196, 000 100 Source: Afar regional state, Regional Conservation Strategy, Regional BOFED, Aysaita, November, 1999.Water ResourcesThere are number of rivers in the region including: Awash, Mille, Kessem, Kebena, Awura, Gulina, Dawie, Borkena, Telalk, Woama, Alaa and other streams.The other major water source of the region is Lake Water source. There are twelve relatively large lakes and five ponds in the region. Two of the largest lakes are Afdera Lake and Abe Lake are found in zone 1 and 2 of the Region. The smaller ones includes: Lake Asahle, Lake Dalol, and Lake Gemeri. Groundwater is also the major source for potable water supply in the region. Population, Religion and Ethnic GroupThe population of Afar region was estimated at 1,559,001 in year 2011, with 873,041 male and 685,960 female. The majority of the population (86.6%) resides in rural areas and the remaining 13.4% in urban areas. The regional population growth rate is estimated at 4.11% in the urban areas, and 2.23% in the rural. The population density is 21.6 persons/square kilometer on an average.The dominant ethnic groups of the regional state include Afar, Asayita, Amhara, Tigre and others.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 42 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The major religious group in the area is Islam, while traditional beliefs, Christianity and others are also found in the Region. The dominant occupation in the Region is pastoralist. Over 90% of the population is pastoralist community. Afar Region is one of the pastoral areas in Ethiopia, where extensive herding is practiced.Social Services and InfrastructureThe level of social service facilities and infrastructure in the area in general is very low.EducationThe level of education in the region is very poor. According to the 2007 Census data, 93% of the population was illiterate. The majority of the literates are urban population (54%) and the rural were only 3%. In 2009, in 7 kindergarten about 663 children are attending schools, the total number of regular schools (primary and secondary) are 360, the number of students are 115,672 and the number of teachers are 2377, and the total number of students attending TVET 789. The education coverage is 40 % in 2009.Health Situation Communicable diseases and malnutrition are major health problems in the region. Malaria, tuberculosis, Pneumonia, upper respiratory diseases diarrhea and gardiasis are among the most prevalent diseases in the region. The climate and the topography of the area create favorable situations for the growth of disease vectors like mosquitoes, flies and snails. About 70 – 80 percent of diseases in the region are communicable diseases. Health service coverage in 2007 was 70%. Health facilities in the region are 3 hospitals, 31 health centers and 209 health posts. In these health facilities the total number of health personnel was 1,046, out of which 13 doctors, 49 health officers, 250 nurses, 56 laboratory technicians, 33 pharmacy technicians, 29 sanitarians, 44 health assistants, 313 front line health workers serving in the region. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 43 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project In addition to facilities for the public health, there are also 26 animal clinics, 79 animal health posts, 98 animal crashes in the region. In these animal health facilities there are 9 veterinarian doctors, 44 assistant veterinarians, 120 animal health technicians and health workers found working in the region.Electric PowerElectric power service is available in the 15 towns of the region. Seven of the towns get their electric power from hydro power, while the remaining eight towns get electric power from diesel generators. Transport facilityThe major transportation for the rural community is using pack animals and relatively poor transportation facilities. The road infrastructure is limited in its coverage. Totally there are about 2,138 km asphalt road including the Addis Ababa – Djibouti high way, 1,303 km RR50 standard all weather road and 635 km RR30 roads in the region.Water supplyThe need for potable water supply in such arid climate like Afar region is very high and this is not overemphasized. Though Afar is endowed with water resource potential, the water supply coverage is low. Groundwater is the major water supply source in the Region. According to the potable water resource bureau, there are about 141 deep water sources, out of them 26 are under construction and 18 are non functional. There are 85 hand pumps, 115 shallow wells and 12 developed springs.Cultural Heritage and TourismAfar region is rich in cultural assets. The archeological findings from the Region have revealed that it is one of the cradles of mankind. The hominid relic of the world renown, “Lucy”, was found in Hadar area of the Region. This site is considered as an attraction area for scientific research to decipher or figure out man’s origin. The research sites such as Hadar and the middle Awash, thatEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 44 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project consist fossil and handicraft remains of human ancestors, are attractive destinations for tourists all over the world.There are potential for tourist attraction in the area, including pale anthropologic and wildlife resources as well as the Afar traditional way of life. Ertele and the Afar depression are sites of scientific research both of natural science as well as human civilization.The Yangu dirasa National park, the Awash National park hosts number of wildlife species for tourism and biodiversity conservation. The economic benefits from such tourism also termed as ‘paleotourism” has not yet developed. But it could be known that eleven new sites have been identified to be considered for research and eventually for “paleotourism’.There is a tradition of well-organized social control system in the Afar community. These include the ‘Afar- Mada’ (traditional authority vested up on the elders and customary law) and the ‘finaa’ (institution serving as a sanction executing unit) and other fossils and live traditional practices constitute the cultural heritage of the Afar people.4.2 Tigray Regional StateBio-Physical EnvironmentTopography Topography of the Tigray Region is mainly the extension of the central highland and associated western lowlands and is divided into two major blocs; the eastern bloc comprises of highlands while the western bloc is predominantly lowland.Altitudes range from 500 meters up to 3,900 meters above sea level. It is situated between 12015' N and 14057' N latitude and between 36059' E and 400 E longitude with an estimated area of 53,638 km2. The Regional Administration is divided into four zones. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 45 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Climate Tigray Region falls within 6 ecological zones (desert, kola, woina dega, dega and wurch). Part of the Tigray regional state, that is, the eastern and southern zones, where Mekele is situated receive peak rain in April and August, whereas the western and central part receive single maximum rainfall between June/July to August/September and for the north western part, the wet period runs from April/ May to October/November. The mean annual rainfall for the region ranges from 600 mm in the northeastern part to 1,600 mm in the western part of Welkait Woreda. Temperature ranges between 160 C – 200 C in the highland eastern and central part while it is 380C to 400C in the lowlands of the western zones.Geology and Soil TypeThe geology of Tigray comprises low-grade Metamorphic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Tertiary volcanic, quaternary deposit and acidic to basic/ ultra basic intrusions are also some of geological feature of the region.Major soil types of the region identified in a study conducted in 1976 is quoted by the Bureau of Planning and Economic Development (Report of 1998) as: orthic Acrisels, chromic and Eutric cambisols, Humic cambisols, Vertic cambisols and Vertic luvisols, Eurthic fluvisols, dystric nitosols, Eutric Nitosols, Euric rogosols, Haplic Xerosols, Cambic Arenosols, and chromic Andisols.Water Resources There are three major river basins and a valley in the Tigray Region: Tekeze basin, Mereb basin, Afar basin and Angereb valley. Some of the surface water sources comprise Tekeze River, Sure River, Mai Tell River and Mai Hitsatsa River. Groundwater source is abundant and is the major water supply source in the area. Vegetation and WildlifeDue to human interference and early settlements in this part of the country, the major vegetation has been destroyed. Currently the dominant ones are woodland and savannah, junipers woodlands, acacia woodland and savanna.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 46 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Accordingly, the vegetation cover of the region is divided into forest, woodland savanna and grassland regions. The plant species include Acacia trees mixed with savanna, juniperus trees mixed with savanna, and mixed deciduous woodland. The vegetation cover of the north-western zone of the region comprises of grass land, scattered bush and scrub covered and dense forest covered land. There are protected forest areas in the Tahitay Adiabo and Atsgede Tsimbela Woredas of western zone. This includes Maikohni forest area, Aditsetser, Adi Ascere areas and Enda Tanki protected site. The region has varied wildlife species including hyena, tiger, monkey and fox.Population, Ethnicity and Religious Groups According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Tigray Administrative Region was 4,862,998, out of which 2,363,000 are male and 2,439,998 are female, with an annual growth rate of 3% in urban areas. The density in Tigray Region is 116 persons /square kilometer.Mekele is among the 7 towns with detailed master plan out of the 38 towns in the Region. There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Region. Tigre being the major ethnic group, there are also Kunama, Saho, Agew, Argoba and others in smaller proportions. Social Service and InfrastructureEducationThe success for an economic development depends mainly on the level of educated population that a country has. Education contributes and enhances individual productivity and earning. The total number of primary and secondary students was 1,126,045 (570,097 are male and 555,948 are female students). EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 47 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project According to the data of the Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), in 2011, there were 36 kindergarten, 1906 primary schools (1-8), 97 secondary schools and 45technical and vocational schools in the Region. Public Health The most prevalent diseases of the Region include malaria and communicable diseases. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Tigray Region in 2006/07 were 16 hospitals, and other institutions.In these health facilities the total number of health personnel was 2,400, out of which 59 doctors, 163 health officers, 2094 nurses are serving in the region. Cultural and Historical Heritage Tigray has rich cultural and historical resources and high potential for the tourism industry. In Tigray Region, there are the colossal obelisks, rock-hewn churches, ruined temples, palaces, mosques, church paintings, stone inscription and manuscripts are some of the ancient Ethiopian properties that have tourist attraction values. The Axum Obelisks, the rock-hewn churches are the major tourist attractions of the Region. 4.3 Amhara Regional State Bio - Physical EnvironmentTopography and ClimateThe Amhara Regional Administration has diverse topographic features, with rugged mountains, extensive plateau and scattered plain separated by deeply cut gorges, steep slopes and cliffs. The elevation varies from 600 masl at Metema up to 4,620 masl at Ras Dashen.The Amhara Regional State is located between 90 N and 130 45' North latitude and 360 to 40030' East longitude. It is bounded by Tigray in the north, Oromia in the south, Benishangul Gumuz in the west and Afar region in the east. The Regional State is divided into ten Zonal administrations and has a land area of about 161,828 km2 (15% of the land area of Ethiopia).EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 48 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Climate The climatic condition of the Region is divided into temperate (Dega), subtropical (Woina Dega) and arid (Kola) agro-climatic zones. Mean annual rainfall of the Region varies from 700 mm to over 2,000 mm in the Region and the temperature range is between 100 C and 260 C. There are two rainy seasons, while short rain occurs during March, May, and April, heavy rain is during June, July and August.Geology and SoilsThe Precambrian rocks, Cenozoic rocks and Mesozoic rocks cover most part of the Amhara Region. The soil of the region includes: Arthic Acrisds, cambisols, Rendizinas, phaeozems, Lithisols, Aluvisds, and vertislols. Soil erosion is the major environmental degradation problem in the Region due to lack of vegetation cover and rugged topography. Soil in the Region has high erodibility compared to other parts of the country. According to a study conducted in 1984 E.C, the quantity of soil loss in Amhara Region was estimated at 1.1 billion tones per year. This accounts for 58% of the total annual soil loss of the country in general.Water ResourcesThere is an abundant water resource in the Region. The major water resource basins being the Abay River / Blue Nile/, Tekeze River and Awash River basins. There are also several lakes like Lake Tana, Lake Zengena and Haik. Ground water resource is abundant and it is the major water supply source in the region.Vegetation and WildlifeThe natural forest in the Region is heavily depleted and degraded by intensive human interference, mainly for agricultural purpose and for energy (firewood) production. Currently less than 10% of the total estimated forest area is considered to be natural forest in the Region. The rest are scattered wood lots (planted by individual farmers on different land use types) and plantation forests (those that have been planted for different purposes).EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 49 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Indigenous tree/shrub in the area include: olea, africana, Juniperous procera, podocarpus falcatus, Acacia species, hygenia abyssinica, ximenia american and Ficus are some of the indigenous plant species diminishing in the area due to human activities.Wildlife availability depends on the extent of vegetation cover in an area. Parks of the Siemen Mountains are preserved for the most endangered species, such as Walia Ibex, Simen Fox, Gelada Baboons and different species of birds, most of which are endemic to Ethiopia. Endangered bird species in the region include: Harwood, Francolin and Ostrich. The Siemen Mountain National Park and protected areas of main bird sanctuaries like, Lake Tana, Ankober -Debre Sina mountain, Awi Zone, Choke Mountain, Fogera, Guasa/ in Menze/, Jama and Jara valley, Middle Abay valley, Gofa Forest are found in the region. Land Use/ Land CoverThe land use/land cover composition of the Region is depicted in Table 4.2.Table 4.2:- Land use/Land cover of the Amhara Region /2002/No. Land use type Area %age of total area 1. Cultivable land 4,815,206 28.2 2. Grazing land 5,122,560 30 3. Forest & bush land 2,510,054 14.7 4. Water bodies 648,858 3.8 5. Settlement area 904,986 5.3 6. Wasteland 307,354 18Source: Regional bureau of agriculture, agricultural statistical data, Jan, 2003.Population, Ethnic and Religious Group According to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of the Amhara Region was 18,528,997, out of this 9,292,994 are male and 9,236,003 are female. Out of this only, 10.98% are urban residents while the remaining was rural population. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 50 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The population density of the region was 119.8 persons/ square kilometer.The Amhara Region is inhabited by a number of ethnic groups, the major ones being Amhara, Awi, Oromo, Kimant, Argoba, Falasha (Ethiopian Jew), Tigre, Gurage and others. The religious group includes Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Muslim, Protestants, Catholic Christian.Socio-Cultural and Historical HeritageThe Amhara Region is rich in cultural and historical heritages. Very old Monasteries, rock-hewn churches, palaces and castles are found in the region. The Lalibella Rock-hewn Churches, the Gondar Castle that are registered as International Cultural Heritage sites are found in this Region. There are several monasteries in the Lake Tana Islands, which is also the origin of Blue Nile (Abay) River. The Blue Nile Falls is found just few kilometers downstream of the Regional Capital, Bahir Dar, which is a tourist attraction site.Social Service and InfrastructureEducation The success for an economic development depends mainly on the level of educated population that a country has. Education contributes and enhances individual productivity and earning. The total number of primary and secondary students was 4,565,126 (2,345,606 are male and 2,219,520 are female students). According to the data of the Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), in 2011, there were 372 kindergarten, 6,233 primary schools (1-8), 235 secondary schools and 57 technical and vocational schools in the Region. Public Health The most prevalent diseases of the Region include malaria and upper respiratory tract diseases. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Amhara Region in 2006/07 were 19 hospitals and many other health institutions. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 51 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project In these health facilities the total number of health personnel was 3,106, out of which 133 doctors, 273 health officers, 1973 nurses are serving in the region. Transport InfrastructureRoad, air and marine transport systems are available in the Region. Road transport is the most used system. Report of the year 2004 indicates that there were 606 km asphalt roads, 2,384 km all weather, and 2,808 km dry weather roads in the region. Water Supply and Sanitation The rural population mainly uses water from unprotected sources: rivers, springs, ponds and wells. Survey made in 2003 reveals that about 71% of the rural population use water from unprotected sources. Regarding sanitation, the case is improving recently. With aid of health extension workers most of the rural households are using pit latrines.4.4 The Oromiya Regional State Bio- Physical EnvironmentTopography and land areaThe Regional State is located in the central part of the country and extends from south-east, bordering with Kenya in the south part and up to the Sudan border in the western part. It has an area of 353,690 km2 (32 % of the country) and is divided in to 20 Zonal administrations.Oromia Regional State lies between 30 40’ N and 100 35’ N latitude and 340 05’ E and 43011’ E longitude.The Regional State has topographic features is characterized by immense geographical diversity consisting of high rugged contoured mountains dissected by the great African Rift Valley. The high mountains include Tulu Dimtu in Bale (4,307 masl), Kecha (4,245 masl), Ankolo (4,300 masl) in Arsi, Gara Mulat in E.Hararge (3,492 masl) and Bada Roge in Shewa (3,350 masl).EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 52 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The Regional State has topographic features of mountainous and rolling terrain in the northwestern and northeastern parts, valleys and gorges in the central and eastern, flat and plain land in the south and southeastern part. Altitude in the Region varies from 500 m.a.s.l in the south eastern part to 4,300 masl in the central and north western parts.Climate The climatic condition varies from southeast lowland to central and northwestern highland part of the regional state. The east and southern parts are dominated by arid climate while the central and northwestern parts are more of temperate climate. The lowlands (500 - 1,500 masl) experience mean annual temperature of 200 – 250 C , areas of altitude 1,500 - 2,300 m.a.s.l have mean annual temperature of 150 C – 200 C, while the highland areas (2,300 - 3,300 m.a.s.l) have mean annual temperature range of 100 C – 150 C. Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200 mm in the south east to 2,000 mm in the northwestern part of the Regional State.Geology, Physiographic Divisions and SeismicityThe major part of Oromia falls in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa and is tectonically unstable. It appears to be a zone of volcanic and seismic activities. There are six physiographic sub-regions in Oromiya: the Rift lakes plain, the transitional scrap slopes, the young lava plain, zone of ancient crystalline rocks, the central lava highlands and massifs and zone of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. The geology of the region consists of: Rocks of the Precambrian era, Rocks of the Paleozoic era, Rocks of the Mesozoic era, and Rocks of the Cenozoic era.Soil The major soil types of the area constitute Luvisols, Fluvisols, Andosols and Fluvisols are commonly found in the plain lands of river banks and lake shores. This soil type is good for agricultural use. Andosols are formed from volcanic ash parent material. They are light, loose, porous, have high drain capacity andEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 53 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project easily eroded by rain or wind action. Andosols have limited agricultural value. Luvisols on the other hand are good for agriculture.Water Resource of the RegionThere is an abundant water resource including surface and ground sources. Oromiya possess three major drainage systems or river basins: Rivers that drain to the Blue Nile (Abay) and the Mediterranean Sea, Rivers that drain to the Indian ocean and the Rift Valley Closed drainage system. Major rivers in the country like Blue Nile (Abay), Jemma, Muger, Guder and Anger Didessa, Awash, Gibe, Wabe Shebele, Dawa, Genale, Weyb, Dabuss, traverse the Oromiya Regional State. Most of the rift valley lakes in Ethiopia, like Lake Langano, Zeway, Abiyata, and Shalla are found in Oromiya. Ziway Zone of the Regional State has the highest number of lakes in Ethiopia. There are about 20 lakes covering 8% of the Zonal land area.The wetland ecosystem of these water bodies has significant environmental and socioeconomic values.Vegetation Cover and WildlifeOromia region possesses most of flora and fauna types found in Africa, and several endemic species.There are about 12 million ha of woodland and bush land covering 32 % of the Region. There is also seventy percent of the national forest priority areas located in Oromiya: the Munesa (1,385 ha), Tiro Boter Becho (8,500 ha), Menagesha Suba (9,000 ha) are set aside as Nature Reserves. (Ethiopian wildlife and natural history society, a first inventory, Dec. 1996). The region has dense forest cover in the central, southwestern and western areas, while southern and southeastern areas are covered mainly by sparse vegetation, bushes and scrubs. The vegetation types are varied including Coniferous forest, broad leaved forest, woodland and savanna, grassland, riverine forests and wetland vegetation..There are number of parks and protected sites in the region, including Awash National park (partly) Abijatta–Shala National Park, Bale Mountain National Parks, Yabelo mountains, Controlled hunting zone of Borena, wildlife ReservesEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 54 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (Sanctuaries) of Babile, Senkele, and Yabelo. Game Reserves of Arsi, Bale and Borena and over 20 Main Bird Sanctuaries. Those parks and protected areas host variety of wildlife and important bird speciesWide varieties of wild animals exist in the Region. It includes, Mountain nyala, the Giant molerat, Ethiopian Wolf, Minilik’s Bushbuck, Bohor reed buck, Grey duiker, Oribi, Klipspringer, Grant’s Gazelle, Greater Kudu, Lesser kudu, Swayen’s hartebeest, Gerenuk, Burchell’s Zebra, Warthog, Giant forest hog, Bush pig, Colobus, Monkey, Anubis baboon, Spotted hyaena, Serval cat, Lion, Leopard, Golden jackal and African Hunting. Archeological and Cultural HeritagesThe Sof Oumar Cave, the Aba Jiffar palace, etc are found in the Oromia Regional State as sites of cultural heritage.Population, Ethnic and Religious GroupAccording to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Oromiya Region is 30,397,990 (15,309,996 are male and 15,087,994 are female). Oromiya stands first in terms of population density in the country. Ethnic group residing in the region is also varied, the majority being Oromo, followed by Amhara, and several other ethnic groups.The density of the population is 106.8 persons / square kilometer.EducationThe success for an economic development depends mainly on the level of educated population that a country has. Education contributes and enhances individual productivity and earning. The total number of primary and secondary school students was 6,158,228 (3,364,600 are male and 2,793,628 are female students). According to the data of the Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED), in 2011, there were 967 kindergarten, 10,083 primary schools (1-8), 418 secondary schools and 155 technical and vocational schools in the Region. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 55 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Public HealthThe most prevalent diseases of the Region include malaria and upper respiratory tract diseases. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Oromiya Region in 2006/07 were 30 hospitals and many other health institutions. In these health facilities the total number of health personnel was 149 doctors, 522 health officers, 3,278 nurses are serving in the region. 4.5 Benishangul Gumuz Regional StateBio-Physical Environmental Conditions TopographyThe Region is stretched along the western escarpment of Ethiopia between Gambela Region in the south, the Sudan to the west and Amhara and Oromiya Regions to the northeast and east. It has three zones: Asosa, Metekel and Metema. Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State has an altitude ranging from 600 masl up to 2,000 masl and has a topography dominated by river valleys which either join the Abay River before it enters the Sudan.The areas around Wonbera are characterized by rugged mountain ranges like Gassangassa mountain range, Bedessa & Kushaya Mountains. The road route traverses flat terrain from the Guba side while the segment from the Wonbera side has rolling terrain & hilly topographic character. ClimateThe climatic condition of the area is varied, like most part of the country. It has climatic condition of 85% Kola (Hot climate), 10% Woina Dega (Semi – Temperate) and 8% has Dega (Temperate) climatic conditions. The annual rainfall in the Metekel zone ranges from 600 mm to 1,450 mm. The rainy season stays from April/May up to October/November. The dry period is between February and April. Annual temperature of Metekel zone ranges between 180c and 400c. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 56 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Geology and SoilsThe geological formation of the area is characterized by Tulu Dimtu Groups and Tonalities. Meta Basalt, Meta Andesine, green schist, phyllite, Meta conglomerate, quartzite and Marble, precious materials like Gold are also available in the area. The regional soil is fertile and has high agricultural potential with favorable agro-climatic conditions. It is estimated that 911,876 ha of land in the region has potential for agricultural development, out of which only 233,200 ha could be cultivated. Water ResourcesThe regional state has high water resource potential. Abay/Blue Nile, Didessa and Beles Rivers are among the major water sources in the region. There are over 32 perennial rivers in the Metekel Zone, most of which have potential to irrigate agricultural land. Vegetation and Wildlife Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State is endowed with natural resources. Over 50% of the land is covered with natural forest, which also has commercial value. The wood lands in the Region are the Doqma woodland, the Sudanian woodland, palms and bamboo and riverine forest. Benishangul-Gumuz region lies in the Abay and Baro drainage basin and is one of the few areas that still have significant part of its landmass covered by natural vegetation. It is estimated that 55% of the land is covered by Bamboo, broad-leaved deciduous woodlands, acacia & cacao woodlands. Riverine forests are predominantly found along the river courses. Some of the tree species found in the area are endemic ones for Ethiopia.The Region has varied wild life species. Wild animal including Elephant, Giraffe, Rhinoceros, Hipopotamus, Buffalo, Roan antelope and Hertebeest, Lion, Tiger, Patas monkey and Anubis baboon are found in the region. Estimates indicate about 40 species of larger mammals, while the bird species are estimated to be 500-550. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 57 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Game Reserve and main bird Sanctuary of Dabus is found in the Region.Land use/Land cover of the RegionThe distribution of land use and land cover of the Region is shown in Table 4.3 Table 4.3 Regional Land Use/Land CoverNo. USE TYPE COVERAGE (%) No. USE TYPE COVERAGE (%)1 Wood Land 49 6 Grass Land 3 2 Scrub Land 28 7 Cultivated Land 5 3 Open Bamboo 4 8 Rock Out Crops 2 4 Dense Bamboo 5 9 Wet-Land / Water 2 body 5 Forest Land 2 Total 100Source: BG Road Sector Strategic Plan, December 2002Population, Ethnic and Religious GroupAccording to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the total population of Benishangul Gumuz is 938,996 (476,999 male and 461,997 female). The annual population growth is about 3.1%. The urban population is only 8.5% while the remaining is rural.The density of the population in the Region is 18.5 persons/square kilometer.There are a number of ethnic groups that inhabit the Benishangul Gumuz Region. The major ethnic groups are Berta (26.7%), Gumuz (23.4%), Shinasha (6.9%), Amhara (22.2%), Mao (0.8%) and Oromo (12.8%). The major religious groups are Orthodox Christianity (34.8%), Traditional Religion (13.1%), Protestants (5.9%) and Islam (44%).EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 58 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Social Infrastructure Benishangul Gumuz Region is one of the remotest and underdeveloped regions in the country. Infrastructure is at a very low level in general. Availability of adequate infrastructure is the key factor for the economic development and improved living standard of a society.Education Educational facilities in the region are inadequate as compared to the population size and the land area. Besides this fact, the enrolment ratio both at primary level and secondary level education is very low.The 1994 census data (CSA) estimates that 82.1% of the population was illiterate. On the other hand data on the primary school enrolment in 2008/09 indicates 171,170 in primary schools (1-8) and 17,319 in secondary schools (9- 12). According to data, there are about 92 kindergarten, 345 primary schools, 34 secondary schools and 14 TVET in the region.Public Health The major health related problems are due to malaria, tuberculosis (T.B.), water borne diseases and HIV/AIDS. Health services and facilities are inadequate both in quality and coverage. According to information from the regional BoFED, health institutions available in the Region in 2006/07 were 2 hospitals and many other health institutions. In these health facilities the total number of health personnel was 6 doctors, 18 health officers, 396 nurses are serving in the region. Road TransportTransport facility is at a very low level due to lack of all weather roads connecting most of the Woredas. According to data documented in 1992 (E.C.), there are 564 km RR-50, 30 km RR-30 and 123 km RR-10 standard roads in the Region. There are two air ports, one at Assossa and the other at Pawe. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 59 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project However, several road projects are underway since then, included are Chagni- Wonbera, Guba-Wonbera, etc. Water Supply and SanitationThere is an abundant water resource, both surface and sub-surface, in the Region. Abay (Blue Nile), Dabus, Dinder, Gilgel Beles are some. However, potable water supply coverage is low. The major water supply sources in the Region are hand-dug wells, deep wells, and protected spring. The rest of the population use water from rivers and unprotected springs. 4.6 Gambela Regional StateThe administrative structure of the Regional State comprises of four zones and thirteen Woredas.Bio-physical Environment TopographyThe Gambela Administrative Region is situated in the southwestern part of Ethiopia at 70 N - 8 0 17’ North latitude and 33 0 E - 32 0 2’ East longitudes. The altitude of Gambela lies between 300 and 2,500 masl. ClimateGambela is subdivided into three agro ecological zones: Woina Dega, Kola and desert agro – ecological Zone.In general, the Region has warm temperature ranging from 270C to 330C. However, temperature as high as 450C in March and as low as 100C in January is recorded. The average annual rainfall varies according to the different altitudes. Areas of 400 - 500 masl of the western part receive 900 mm - 1500 mm, while areas over 2,000 masl (eastern part) have average rainfall ranging from 1,900 to 2,100 mm. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 60 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Geology and SoilsThe Gambela Region falls within the Baro-Akobo River Basin which consists primarily of basement crystalline with eastern upland covering tertiary lava in some places and Quaternary sediments in the lowlands to the west. Mineral resources of the area include gold, tungsten, granite, crude oil and construction material. The area is dominantly covered by alluvial and lacustrine deposits: Silt, sand, clay, diatomite, lime stone, Enticho sand stone, Glacials, Gura and Filo formations and sand stones. The soils of the region are divided into two major classifications as upland soils and fluvisols (along the river course). The soil fertility is very high and not been exploited much.Vegetation and Wildlife Gambela Region is endowed with vast natural resources. The main habitats of Gambela Region are forests, woodlands, swamps and rivers. Out of the total area 25% of the land is covered with forest. Savanna, tropical forests and seasonally flooded grass plains also inhabit the area. The eastern part of the region is covered with natural high forest. Woodlands, bush lands and Savanna woodlands inhabit the central plain lands of the region with altitudes below 600 masl.The dominant tree species include: Acacia, Cambretum species, Terminalia coxifera, Sonogisus reiccarpa, Kegelio africanas, Albizia cordiaria. From grass species; Beckeropsis uniseta and Hyparrhenia rufa are some to mention.Abobo-Gog natural forest is one of the 58 most important natural forests classified as National Forest Priority areas, by the Ethiopian forestry action plan (as reported in the Baro - Akobo master plan study). There are also four other sites in the region that are identified as natural forest areas. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 61 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The Gambela National park, Mago National park and three controlled hunting areas: Jikawo, Akobo and Teyu sites are found in the region. The Gambela national park is the largest park in the country and accounts for 20% of the land area of the region. The remaining controlled hunting areas, Jikawo, and Teyu also occupy similar sizes of land area.Those areas are habitat for over 300 bird species of which 100 are migratory, and over 60 mammals. The major wildlife species conserved in the lowland plain are; Roan antelope, White-ear kob, Nile lechwe, Topi, Elephant, lion, Leopard, hippopotamus, Warthog, Giraffe, Defas, Water buck, Buffalo, Pig, Civet, Lelwel Hartebeest, etc. From reptiles, Tortoise, fish (Nile perch) and Crocodile are included.Nile lechwe and the White eared kob are unique to that area. They are also trans-boundary resource and migrate between Ethiopia and the Sudan republic in the southern part.Land Use and Land CoverThe major settlement area is the riverbanks for both urban and rural communities. Due to this situation, the population is frequently affected by flood calamities.Table 4.4 Land use / Land cover of Gambela RegionNo Description Percent 1 Dense forest 5.14 2 Disturbed forest 20.87 3 Dense woodland 16.78 4 Open woodland 41.0 5 Bamboo land 4.2 6 Swamps 7.3 7 State and settlement farms 0.98 8 Cultivated lands 1.80Source: Conservation strategy of Gambela, vol. I, July 2000.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 62 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Wetlands and Water ResourcesGambela Region is the wettest and best watered area in the country. There are five major rivers, Baro, Akobo, Itang, Gillo and Alwero Rivers that are also trans-boundary. There are also several lakes and ponds in the Region. Such as, lakes Tata, Wagan and Nitang which are cut-off lakes, so called because they have been formed when bends, branches and arms of the main river have been cut-off by sediments or changes in the direction of the main river channels. These water sources feed the Gambela flood plain, which is the largest low laying wetland in the Baro - Akobo River Basin. Both migratory and residential birds inhabit the wetland and are one of the tourist attraction sites in the area. There are several planned dam projects for irrigation and hydropower generation, which would also serve for fishery development. Implementation of the Program can have significant impacts on the economy of the region. The flood plain of the two rivers, Gillo and Akobo, form important wetland ecosystems. Wetlands support a wide range of biotical, hydrological, and physical processes which result in ecosystem function and the provision of valuable goods and services. Population and Ethnic GroupAccording to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the Region is 368,999 (191,996 male and 177,003 female). Of the total population, 17% live in urban areas while the remaining 83% are rural residents.Linguistically the population comprises mainly of Omotic, Cushitic and Nilo- Saharan, although minority group of Semetic origin also exists. The major ethnic groups are Agnuaq, Nuere, Megengir, Coma and Omo. The population density of the region is about 12.4 per square kilometer.Social ServicesEducational Facilities Education coverage is low in the region. Education coverage is low in the region. There are 35 kindergarten, 180 primary schools, 11 secondary schools EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 63 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project and 2 college level educational institutions in year 2008/09. The total number of students enrolled in the kindergarten was 664, primary and secondary schools was 84,317 (49,004 male students and 35,313 female students) and 1,047 students in TVET. Health FacilitiesDue to the hot climate and abundant flood plain and wetland ecosystems, coupled with inadequate sanitation facilities, communicable diseases are the most threatening health risks in the region. Malaria and respiratory disease are among the major prevalent diseases. The health institutions in the region include: two hospitals, 5 health centers and 46 health posts. However, the existing health institutions are not fully equipped. The numbers of health personnel in the region are: 4 doctors, 10 health officers and 156 nurses’ serves in the region.Transport FacilitiesTransport facilities are also inadequate. Land, air and water transport are available in the different parts of the region, based on the accessibility situation of the areas. There were about 358 kilometers all-weather road, and 18 km of dry weather road in 2003. However, due to lack of routine maintenance, the major parts of the road lengths have deteriorated. In general, development constraints in the region are attributed to the inadequate infrastructure like roads, water supply and electricity. Electricity is limited only to major urban centers like Gambela town. The majority of the population, both urban and rural area residents is with out electricity and uses other energy sources, mainly fire wood.Dispersed settlement mainly following the riverbanks, is practiced in the region and this further exacerbates the problem of provision of social services to the community, especially during rainy season and during flood calamities. The floodplains and wetland cover quite appreciable areas for most of the seasons in a year.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 64 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The agricultural bureau complains about difficulties encountered in providing agricultural extension programs to the inaccessible areas. This problem is equally shared by the Regional Disaster Prevention and Preparedness (DPPC ) office who could not extend its assistance during flood calamities to areas like Akobo, Jor and Tor, all falling in floodplains of major rivers of the area and are inaccessible during rainy season.Access to market places is also limited, due to lack of road transport connecting to urban centers. The farmers do not get fair price for their products and also to buy commodities of their need since they do not have alternative accesses to better market places.Based on the above premises, the regional council has adopted a 5 year development plan that gives special attention to the rural road development projects.Small Scale IndustriesIndustrial development in the region is in its infant stage. There are about 71 cottage industries. Most of these industries are service rendering like flour mill and bakeries. 4.7 Somali Regional StateBio-physical EnvironmentTopographyThe Somali regional state is located between 40 and 110 North latitude and between 400 and 480 East longitude in the eastern plateau of Ethiopia, which lies to the southeast of the Great African Rift Valley. The region has entirely flat terrain except some hills with gentle slopes around Jijiga and Togo Wuchale, and along major river courses. The altitude ranges between 500 to 1,600 masl. The major land area of the region falls below 900 masl.Climate The rain in the Region has been generally low, unreliable and unevenly distributed. When rain occurs it is torrential and is of high intensity. The annual rainfall is between 200 mm and 530 mm for the Region as a whole. The meanEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 65 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project annual rainfall is 425 mm. The annual potential evapo-transpiration ranges from 1,800 mm in the lowlands to 800 mm in the highlands.The major part (60% to 80%) falls within hot and arid climate. Temperature ranges between 200 C and 450 C. The region is characterized by strong wind circulation, which can cause and aggravate soil erosion, water moisture losses. The mean annual wind speed varies between 1.8 miles/ sec in highlands and 3.6 miles/sec in the lowlands.Geology and Soil Type The geology of the Region is dominated by alternating limestone, shale, anhydrite, dolomites and marl. The land surface is sandy and often coated with reddish soil and calcareous crust typical of desert area. Minerals like edible salt, gold and natural gas also occur in the region.The dominant soil types of the region are Yermsol, Xerosols, Regosols, and solonchakes. Minor parts have fluvisols and Vertisols, Cambisols and Luvisols (Regional conservation strategy report). Soil erosion has been a serious problem in the region and is caused by the action of wind and water.Water ResourcesThe region is divided into four basins: the eastern Ogaden basin, the Wabe Shebele basin, the Genale Dawa basin and part of the Awash River basin. The area receives a bi-modal rain fall: March - May and September - November. Most of the streams in the region are ephemeral and are characterized by short duration and high intensity of flood. However, perennial rivers like Wabe Shebele, Weyb, Genale and Dawa are also available in the region.Vegetation and WildlifeEndemic flora species in the Somali region represent 25% of the flora in Ethiopia, of which 18% are unique to the region. Among the largest plant families are graminacea, leguminacea, and euphorbicea. The main climax vegetation classes in the region are: acacia based woodlands, acacia comiphora bush lands, evergreen scrubland and riparian forest.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 66 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project There are also a number of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates uniquely adapted to the arid and semi-arid conditions. Wildlife animals include lion, hyena, leopard, fox, hunting dogs, crocodiles and various types of snakes. Hunted wild animals include: Bicids, Balango, Goodir, Dabatag, Zebra, Baboon, Hippopotamus, Ostrich, Monkey and Elephant. There are also a number of birds such as, degodi lark, little winged dove, Somali short billed crombec, Jubaland weaver, little brown bustard and white winged collared dove.Land use / Land coverThe land use and land cover of the Region is depicted in Table 4.5 Table 4.5 Land use / Land cover of the Somali RegionNo Land use type % Coverage1 Grass land 56.8 2 Scrub land 22.2 3 Bush land 19.0 4 Moderately cultivated 1.0 5 Riparian land 0.7 6 Salt flat/ bare land 0.3 Total 100.0Sources: Regional conservation strategy report, October 1999Socio - Cultural and Socio - Economic EnvironmentPopulation and Ethnic GroupAccording to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, July 2011, the total population of Somali Regional State is 4,986,004, out of which, 2,773,001 are male and 2,213,003 are female. The Somali Regional State is divided into nine administrative zones, 53 Woredas and 67 urban centers. Majority of the population is pastoralist and the social organization of the Somali is based on clanship. Over 86% of the population is rural. The region is sparsely populated with an average density of 12 persons per km2.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 67 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Somali and Issa are the majority ethnic group, while Oromo, Amhara and Gurage are also found in the urban areas.The settlement pattern of the Somalis is characterized as group and temporary. In areas suitable for agriculture, Somalis settle permanently. The seasonal availability of water and pasture as well as the rapid exhaustion of the pasture owing to over grazing often causes mobility of the pastoralist population. Socio-Cultural HeritageThe social organization of the Somali society has a pyramidal structure formed by lineage segmentation levels. The segment levels are known as: Reer, Jilib, Qabil and clan families or group. Each lineage segment constitutes a separate social and political unit having definite members with a territory under it (SNRS, conservation strategy, 1999).The Somali are predominantly pastoralists and their settlement pattern and their life style is influenced by the same mode of occupation. They are mobile in settlement, which is mainly guided by the need of their cattle herds. As a result a densely populated area at one season can be easily deserted at other times. The Somali have divided themselves into two major lineages of Sab and Somali. The former constitutes hunters, gatherers, and agriculturists. There are also crafts men such as Shoemakers, leather workers, and black smiths among the Sab group, who are considered by the pastoralists to be inferior and would not accept as equals in marriage or in other social relationships. Among the pastoralists, mostly wealth is not held by individuals but by families. Water and pasture is commonly owned. Agriculture plots are held by families. The development of exchange and marketing in Somali has been limited by tribal conflicts, low level of interaction between rural tribe and towns and lack of transport.Craft heritages produced by the low cast Sab are generally made for own use, few are sold to tourists. Since the Somali nomadic pastoralists have beenEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 68 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project isolated from the central highlands, there has been much lesser degree of acculturation. Moreover, there is lower degree of economic integration, transportation and communication. Division of labour among the Somali is based on gender differentiation. Women are exclusively responsible for job like building nomadic huts, preparing food, collecting firewood, fetching water, milking cows and small ruminants etc. While males are culturally assigned to perform out – door tasks like herding, watering, farming and mediating. The economic base of the region is dominated by pastoralist society. Livestock is the major economic earning for the Somali population. The rural population earns 40% of their income from livestock, 26% from crop production, 14.4% from trade and 7.4% from gifts availed from others (IPS, July 2000).Social-Infrastructure Transport and CommunicationTransport and communication in the region is at a very low level and are the major constraints to its economic development. In 1999 the total length of road network recorded was 1,629 km all-weather road and 2,844 km dry weather road. Full automatic telephone is available only in Jijiga and Gode towns, Semi- automatic telephone services in 10 towns. EducationEducation coverage is low in the region. There are 44 kindergarten, 713 primary schools and 26 secondary schools in year 2008/09. The total number of students enrolled in the kindergarten was 2126, primary and secondary schools was 374,244 (232,406 male students and 141,538 female students).Health Services It is estimated that only 25% of the population gets access to modern health facilities. The most prevalent diseases are malaria and respiratory diseases. There were 4 hospitals, 11 health centers, and 77 clinics in 2003.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 69 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The numbers of health personnel in the region are: 53 doctors, 23 health officers and 476 nurses’ serves in the region.Water SupplyThe major source of water supply in the Region is groundwater. The other supplementary water sources are Birkas. Birkas are water reservoirs dug in the ground and cemented with clay material. Run off and rainwater collected in the Birkas is chemically potable provided it is protected from external contaminants. Due to the sparsely populated and low level of development activities in the rural areas, the risk of pollution is minimal. Potable water supply is available in over 29 towns out of the 67. The source of water is from wells 4.8 The Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional StateBio-physical EnvironmentTopographyThe Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region lies on surface area of 117,500 km2. The Regional State is located between 40 25’- 80 20’ North latitude and 340 20’ - 380 50’ East longitude. Altitude ranges from 400 masl in the southern part up to 4,200 masl in the northern part of the regional state. The physiographic feature of the region is divided in to highlands in the north, rift valley and lowland in the south.ClimateThe region’s climatic conditions vary from place to place. It has semi-desert climate in the southern extreme of the Kenya border, tropical climate in the northern highlands, and warm temperate in the mountainous areas of north Omo zone. The mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall are 24oC and 600mm respectively, in the semi desert climatic zone, the warm temperate climatic zone of north Omo has mean annual temperature of less than 180 C and mean annual rainfall of 2,500 mm. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 70 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Soils Type The soils of the region constitute: Luvisols and phaeozens that cover most of the zones of the region.  There are also Lithosols, Arenosols and Regosols, fluvisols, Andosols, Vertisols and Cambisols, and  Soil fertility is high in the region and is suitable for cereals, root crops, coffee and vegetables. Vegetation and Wild lifeThe Region is characterized by dense natural forest and rich wildlife resources. The forest resource is mainly situated in Kafa and Bench Maji Zones and in the southern part of the Region. The most common groups of vegetation include broad leaved deciduous woodland, evergreen scrubs, dry evergreen montana forest and grasslands, acacia – commiphora woodland. There are several National Parks in the Region. They include Nech Sar, Mago and Omo National Parks, Tama wildlife reserve and Chew Bahir wildlife reserve and all the rest of the southern parts is designated as controlled hunting areas except a small section between Akobo and Omo west in which wildlife ranging from birds to big mammals exists. The wildlife of the region include: Giraffe, Common eland, Buffalo, Elephant, Greater kudu, Lesser kudu, Burchell’s zebra, Grant’s Gazelle, Guenther’s Dikdik, Crocodile, Hippopotamus, Swayne’s Hartebeest, Orbi, Bohor Reedbuck, Genet, African Hunting dog, Black backed jackal, Colobus monkey, Oryx, Lion, Gerenuk and Ostrich.Water ResourcesThere are abundant water resources both from surface and sub surface sources. Surface water resource of the Region include rivers like Omo River, Dincha, Gojeb, Segen Gibe River, Bilate River, Awash River, While Rift valley EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 71 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project lakes like Awasa Lake, Chamo Lake and Abaya Lake are also found in the region.Socio-Cultural EnvironmentPopulation and Ethnic GroupsAccording to the Statistical Abstract of CSA, 2011, the population of the regional state is 16,848,011 (male accounts for 8,385,003 and female 8,463,008), accounting for 18.5% of the total population of Ethiopia. The majority of the population (Over 87%) lives in rural areas while the remaining 13% are urban residents.The population density in the Region is 159.1 persons per square kilometer.The region is known for its diverse Ethnic composition. There are about 45 ethnic groups residing in the Region, constituting over 50% of the total ethnic groups of the country, Ethiopia. Most of the populations living in the rural areas of the Region are mainly dependent on agriculture and pastoralist economy, while trade and other businesses are the principal practices in the urban areas.Cultural and Historical HeritageThere are cultural heritage sites like the Tiya monuments and the Omo valley archaeological site.Social Services and InfrastructureEducationThe education coverage in the region is high. There are 1,934 kindergarten, 4,560 primary schools and 194 secondary schools in 2008/09. The total number of students enrolled in the kindergarten was 54,689, primary andEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 72 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project secondary schools enrollment was 3,769,379 (2,051,987 male students and 1,717,392 female students). Health FacilitiesThe health service coverage of the regional state is high. In the year 2006/07 the number of hospital is 20. However, this figure is relatively on a better side as compared to 51.2% of the nationwide health coverage in Ethiopia for the same year.The numbers of health personnel in the region are: 155 doctors, 150 health officers and 2,143 nurses’ serves in the region.4.9 The Harari Regional StateBio-physical EnvironmentTopographyThe Region is divided into highland and low lands (valleys) with elevation ranging from about 1,300 to 2,200 m.a.s.l, falling in slope gradient gradually towards the south east direction of the region and the lowest elevation of about 1,300 – 1,350 m.a.s.l occurs at Kille farmer’s association (kebele). On the other hand, the Aw-Hakim Mountain located at the southern margin of the region forms the highest peak (2,200 m.a.s.l). The Regional State is located between 90 11’ 49’- 90 24’ 42’’ North latitude and 420 03’ 30’’ - 420 16’ 24’’ East longitude. Economic ActivityAgricultureAccording to report taken in 1997, only 14.7 % of the region is best suited for agriculture. The agricultural share to the regional GDP in the last five years was 22.25%. IndustryEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 73 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project There are a number of large scale industries in the region, various small scale industries engaged in different types of activities including: food and textile manufacturing, concrete block and many other metal works. The industrial share to the regional GDP was 23.6 %.ClimateThe rainfall pattern of the region has bi-modal type. The first peak is in April – May and the second and main peak occurs in July – August. The mean annual rainfall is 669 mm.TemperatureThe mean annual daily temperature at Harar weather station is 19.50 C.Population According to the projection done in medium variant, the total population of Harari Regional State in 2011 was 203,438. Out of which, 102,369 are male and the rest 101,069 are female. The size of urban dwellers is 107,592 and the rest 95,846 are rural population. The growth rate according to the CSA report was 2.06 percent. With an estimated area of 311.25 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 589.05 people per square kilometer. Social ServiceEducation Education coverage is high in the region. There are 68 kindergarten, 52 primary schools, 5 secondary schools in year 2008/09. The total number of students enrolled in the kindergarten was 1,689, primary and secondary schools enrollment was 44,701 (24,798 male students and 19,903 female students) and 1,047 students in 11 TVET.Health FacilitiesThe health institutions in the region include: 4 hospitals, and many other lesser health rendering institutions. The numbers of health personnel in the region are: 41 doctors, 11 health officers and 277 nurses’ serves in the region.Transport and CommunicationEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 74 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Road density is one of the variables for measuring the extent and efficiency of road distribution of an area and is described as the length of road per hectare. Accordingly, the all weather road density of the region is 0.096% and the road coverage is 6.4%.Nowadays various types of telephone services are expanding in the region. There are digital telephone services, faxes, telegraphs, wireless and mobile phone and internet services. There is also one main post office and nine post office agents in the region.Tourist Attraction SitesThe tourist attraction sites in the region are: The Jugal Wall, The narrow streets inside Jugal, The Hyena feeding, Harla Village, Abadir Cave, and Traditional worshipping places.Some of the museums in the region are: Arthur Rimbaud, Harari Cultural Center Sheriff Harar City museum, and Harar Natioal museumEthnic CompositionThe ethnic groups in the region include the Oromo, Amhara, Harari, Gurage, Somali, Tigray and Argoba. They constitute 56.41%, 22.77%, 8.65%, 4.34 %, 3.87%, 1.53%, and 1.26%, respectively. ReligionEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 75 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The religion with the most believers in the region is Muslim with 69.99%, Ethiopian Orthodox 27.1%, Protestants 3.4 %, Catholic 0.3% and others 0.2 %. LanguageThe harari language is the official language of the region.Water SupplyThe water supply coverage in the region is 25 % which is very poor. When the Dire Jara Project is completed, the water supply coverage will reach 90 %.5. Analysis of Alternatives5.1. Rehabilitating the Distribution System5.1.1 No DevelopmentThe present Power transmission systems are in a state of severe disrepair. The option of no action is unacceptable to the supplier and to the consumer. Increasing degradation of the system will lead to consumers seeking options for additional or alternative energy sources. For some businesses this couldEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 76 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project lead to the installation of generators at a direct cost to the economy and increasing the reliance on fossil fuels.At the household level, many of the smaller households still rely on fuel wood for cooking and heating. Any further degradation in services will escalate this demand, putting ever greater pressure on the woodlots and natural forests supplying the major urban centers.5.1.2. Alternative Energy Sources The rehabilitation of the existing system does not preclude the introduction of alternative or supplementary energy sources or energy saving technology. However, at present there are no widely or economically available systems that can entirely replace the existing system at household level or industrial level. 6. Potential Environmental and Social Impacts 6.1 Potential Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresThe Project Components are not expected to have significant environmental and social impacts. However, since one cannot be sure whether environmental impacts will or will not occur in all the project components, it is proposed that precautionary measures described below be taken to ensure that the planned activities do not contribute, for example, to soil erosion, crop damage, air pollution, or negatively affect livelihood of the surrounding population.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 77 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Table 6.1:- Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures Upgrading Power Transmission Line Project Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Implementation Environmental and /Monitoring Social Impacts Responsibility Safety orientation Organize environmental management and safety training. Supervision consultant and contractor Soil erosion, air - Use Environmental Guidelines for Contractors Contractors /EEPCo pollution, Soil - Procurement of transformers and Compact Substations free EEPCo Pollution of PCB’s - Safe disposal of transformers containing PCB’s EEPCo - Safe disposal of creosote treated wooden poles EEPCo- Safe disposal of excavated rock cuttings, sludge and debris Contractors during the excavation of the power projects. Vegetation -Inspect and approve all correctly located and pegged clearing Contractor clearance sites. Vegetation clearance shall only be undertaken once EEPCo consent to clear strip plantation. Individual trees along the aliment have been obtained from each owner. -Instruct all construction workers to restrict clearing to the marked areas and not harvest any forest products for personal consumption. -Ensure that all clearing is undertaken with minimal disturbance to the surrounding environment, within the extent of approved sites only. Loss of Assets and - Compensation payment for Project Affected Persons EEPCo access to homes, - Compensation Payment for crop damage EEPCo business and - Compensation for loss of livelihood and mitigation for loss of EEPCo services access Cultural heritage -Avoid historical, cultural and archeological sites during Route Surveyors alignment -Inform Authorities when there are any chance findings ContractorsTable 6.2 Potential Impacts and mitigation Measures New Expansion Power Transmission ProjectPotential Proposed Mitigation Measures Implementation Environmental and /Monitoring Social Impacts Responsibility Health and safety -Include the environmental, social, health and safety clauses EEPCo into the contract documentEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 78 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Land and Building - Avoid houses and public service structures during line EEPCo acquisition surveying. - Complete all necessary land and building acquisition before the commencement of any construction works. Safety orientation Organize environmental management and safety training. Supervision consultant and contractor Protection of sensitive - Identify natural areas on site plans, especially Contractors environmental areas environmentally sensitive or ecologically fragile areas. / EEPCo - Locate construction sites/activities away from sensitive areas. -Provide training to construction teams to ensure an understanding of the requirements regarding environmental protection of sites. Vegetation clearance - Inspect and approve all correctly located and pegged Contractors/ EEPCo clearing sites. Vegetation clearance shall only be undertaken once consent to clear strip plantation. Individual trees along the aliment have been obtained from each owner. - Instruct all construction workers to restrict clearing to the marked areas and not harvest any forest products for personal consumption. - Ensure that all clearing is undertaken with minimal disturbance to the surrounding environment, within the extent of approved sites only. Civil engineering work Reduction of the volume of waste and appropriate disposal Contractors/ EEPCo will generate waste soil Dirt and dust clouds - Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors Contractors/ EEPCo - Sprinkle roads to reduce dust problem Vehicles transporting -Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors Contractors/ EEPCo equipment and materials will raise dirt and dust clouds Socio-environmental -Advise the local community of project plans in advance of Contractors/ EEPCo issues construction and involve them in the site construction planning process. -Identify cultural sensitive areas and avoid disturbing them. -Control run-off and manage sediment near residential areas. -Arrange for local people to be employed and trained. -Include women, poor and vulnerable groups in the implementation of the project activities. -Negotiate and agree with community about disposal areas and stockpiles sites. Flora and Fauna may -Use Environmental and social clauses for Contractors Contractors/ EEPCo be temporarily affected during the EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 79 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project construction period. Impacts on cultural -Avoid historical, cultural and archeological sites during Contractors/ EEPCo heritage preparation of transmission lines -Inform Authorities when there are any chance findings Dust Nuisance -Heavy truck delivering materials shall water / sprinkle roads Contractors to reduce dust problem. Erosion -Clearly mark the areas to be cleared of vegetation before Contractors clearing commences. No clearing of vegetation shall occur outside of these areas. -Whenever possible avoid clearing construction areas, access trucks and construction camps on steep slopes / productive agricultural land. -Following completion of works, prepare areas for rehabilitation by re-vegetation or engage local community to plant vegetation. -Ensure topsoil is left in a non compacted condition following completion of works. -Ensure re-vegetation at the earliest time -Following completion of woks prepare areas for rehabilitation by re-vegetation or engage local community to plant vegetation. Water Pollution -Ensure that potential sources of petro-chemical pollution are Contractors handled in such a way to reduce chemical spills and leaks. -Train work crews in safe handling of petro-chemicals. -Minimize soil sedimentation as outlined under sediment control Disposal of materials -Instruct the construction work force on approved fill Contractors /material disposal locations and strictly supervise the correct placement of fill at these sites. -Identify, peg and seek approval from the Engineer for permissible disposal locations. -Inspect and approve all correctly located disposal locations.Table 6. 3 Rural Electrification ProjectPotential Proposed mitigation measures Implementation/Mon Environmental and itoring Responsibility Social Impacts Health and safety -Include the environmental, social, health and safety clauses into EEPCo the contract document Land and building - Avoid houses and public service structures during line surveying. EEPCo acquisition - Complete all necessary land and building acquisition before the commencement of any construction works. Loss of assets and access - Compensation payment for Project Affected Persons EEPCo EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 80 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project to homes, business and - Compensation Payment for crop damage EEPCo services - Compensation for loss of livelihood and mitigation for loss of EEPCo access Safety orientation - Organize environmental management and safety training. Supervision consultant - Provide safety orientation to workers and contractor Protection of sensitive - Identify natural areas on site plans, especially environmentally Contractors/ environmental areas sensitive or ecologically fragile areas. EEPCo - Locate construction sites/activities away from sensitive areas. - Provide training to construction teams to ensure an understanding of the requirements regarding environmental protection of sites. Land and building - Avoid houses and public service structures during line surveying. EEPCo acquisition - Complete all necessary land and building acquisition before the commencement of any construction works. Vegetation clearance - clearance of vegetation should be minimized to the extent Supervision consultant, possible .If it is removed, should be replanted Contractors/EEPCO - Using proper erosion control methods including biological and physical means (energy dissipaters, grassing of slopes, etc). - protect the crops from being damaged by equipment or machinery Soil contamination due - using proper erosion control methods including biological and Supervision consultant to used oil and hazardous physical means (energy dissipaters, grassing of slopes, etc). & contractor waste spillage protect the crops from being damaged by equipment or machineryLand acquisition -Avoid houses and public service structures during line surveying. EEPCo -Complete all necessary land and building acquisition before the commencement of any construction works. - Compensation Payment for crop damage - Compensation for loss of livelihood and mitigation for loss of access6.2. Positive Impacts (Upgrading Power Transmission Line Projects)The Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project is a development project designed for the benefit of the urban and rural population and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts: Relieve pressure on biomass resource of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing reliable source of energy.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 81 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Improve reliable access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc). Stimulate economic development, and Increase in employment opportunity, local procurement of construction materials and equipment and local purchase of food for workers are expected to bring about positive effects on the local economy and residents’ livelihood. The easy and sustainable access to electric power supply in villages and towns would ease the burden on women.6.3. Positive Impacts (New Expansion Power Transmission Project) A great deal of positive effects can be expected, as replacement of the diesel power plants will lead to dramatic reduction in green house gas generation, and Increase in employment opportunity, local procurement of construction materials and equipment and local purchase of food for workers are expected to bring about positive effects on the local economy and residents’ livelihood.6.4. Positive Impacts (Rural Electric Access Project)The Rural Electric Access Project is a development project designed for benefit of the population in the project area, and is likely to have the following overall positive impacts Relieve pressure on biomass resource of the country and thereby reduce the loss of the biodiversity by providing alternative source of energy. Improve access to social services (education, health, water supply, etc). Stimulate economic development,  Provide job opportunities thereby create income generation means for the respective communities in the project areas.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 82 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  The easy and sustainable access to electric power supply in villages and towns would ease the burden on women. One of the direct impact of the project will be to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through replacing some of the local biomass energy use with electricity generated primarily through hydropower. 6.5 Negative Impacts (Upgrading Power Transmission Line Projects)Upgrading power transmission line activities will be conducted on existing power transmission line and substations and negative impacts are not expected. However, adverse impacts related to occupational health and safety may occur and necessary mitigation measures shall be taken during the erection of substation equipment and line stringing works.6.6. Negative Impacts (New Expansion Power Transmission Project)Electric power transmission lines are linear facilities in nature that may have some effect on biophysical and socio economic environment including cultural resources. As a linear facility, the impacts of transmission line are mostly localized to the Right-of-Way (ROW). The impact can be minimized through careful route selection. Power substations also will have potential impacts since a plot of land is required for the construction of substations. The impact is associated with land loss. However, even if all possible measures / efforts have been undertaken during the finalization of route alignment for the proposed transmission line, due to peculiarity of terrain and demography of the specific area the transmission line causes some environmental and social impacts.The predicted potential impacts are described, as follows:Short-term, Construction Phase Initiation and aggravation of soil erosion as a result of removal of soil mass and leaving slopes unprotected, Air pollution that may result from dust production and exhausts from construction machinery, Water pollution from spill of hazardous substances especially during construction works, EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 83 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Soil pollution and contamination resulting from hazardous substances especially during construction,  Noise resulting mainly from construction machinery, Impact on cultural, archeological and religious sites during construction, Chance finds of cultural/religious/historical value, Loss of livelihood or displacement (temporary and/or permanent), Temporary and permanent impact on farm land, vegetation and crop production, and Biological Impacts (Flora and fauna). Long-term, Operation PhaseDuring the operation phase of the Project, the following impacts may be anticipated. Interference of the transmission line with the bird life as there are a lot of bird sanctuaries and bird species in the country;  Erosion of soil may persist if no protection measures are implemented;  Monitor for full Rehabilitation plan and assure its implementation, and Ensure the restoration of the borrow areas, quarry sites and reinstate the access roads that are no more used by the project.6.7. Negative Impacts (Rural Electrification)Like many development projects, the planned construction activities of the Rural Electrification might have potential positive as well as adverse environmental and social impacts. It is stated that the final alignment would follow a route that takes into account local conditions including avoiding forested routes and wetlands or other “sensitive areas”. However, there may exist some cornerstone speciesEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 84 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project (important in maintaining the healthy functioning of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems) close to the roads and may be affected by the power lines.With the above understanding, therefore, potential negative environmental impacts are likely to occur and the impacts may include the following: Initiation and aggravation of soil erosion as a result of removal of soil mass and leaving slopes unprotected,  Loss of vegetation through clearance for right-of-way and space for the newly to be constructed substations, if there would be any,  Air pollution that may result from dust production and exhausts from construction machinery, Water pollution from spill of hazardous substances especially during construction works,  Soil pollution and contamination resulting from hazardous substances especially during construction,  Noise resulting mainly from construction machinery, Displacement of some residential houses, and Permanently expropriation of farm lands for tower foundation and substation construction.6.8. Impacts of PCB ChemicalsThe problem of PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) chemical is significant. It poses major and increasing threats to human health and the environment. In the Stockholm Convention of 2001 (to which Ethiopia is a signatory), PCB is one of the twelve Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to be eliminated from products like transformers and capacitors.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 85 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 6.9. Socio-economic and CulturalLand Expropriation-short termThe principal impact during the implementation of the project is the taking of land temporarily for stores and equipment yards and experience shows that when projects are delayed, project proponents sometimes do not compensate for the additional time (for delay).Land Expropriation-Long TermThe planned routing of distribution lines follows the urban road systems. The poles/ towers are erected near the edge of the road and would be sited, as far as possible; to avoid any needs for resettlement. However, much of the land on the periphery of roads and cities could be farmland and during construction there will inevitably be some crop damage and impact on grazing pastures. Beside and beyond crop damage, the major negative impact anticipated in this regard is expropriation of land due to access roads and the area for the new substations to be constructed, if there would be any. That is, the farmers and urban dwellers may lose their crops, houses, and other properties forever. When expropriation of land and properties is done, the rate of compensation sometimes may not be adequate to restore, if not better, therefore preparation of Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan may be appropriate prior to the implementation of the Project.6.10. Health and SafetyThe major impact on health and occupational safety is related to the work force engaged in construction and operation of distribution and transmission lines. Such Project involves mobilization of labor force. Although the Distribution Rehabilitation is designed to use the local labor force, the risk of the transmission of communicable disease like STIS and HIV/AIDS in the work sites is expected (though minimum).EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 86 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project During the operation phase of the project, impacts are mainly related to electrocution (electric shock).6.11. Impacts on Cultural HeritageEthiopia is known for its long history and rich cultural heritage. Archeologically, it is considered as the birth place of mankind. One of the oldest hominid “Lucy” and “Ardi” are found in Ethiopia, in a place called Hadar, located in Afar Regional State. Although it is proposed that they would follow the existing road network as much as possible, the distribution /transmission lines may traverse, in some cases looking for shorter distances, culturally sensitive sites like graveyards, archaeological sites, etc.Therefore there is sufficient reason to be cautious when constructing distribution /transmission lines in the project operation. 6.12. Birds and Power Line InteractionsEthiopia is recognized as one of Africa’s bird hotspots with over 850 species recorded, out of which around 30 species are endemic (There are 17 species endemic to Ethiopia and a further 13 species restricted to the geographical region of the Ethiopian Highlands, which includes parts of Eritrea). It is also worth noting that there are over 200 paleartic migrants and many of these have breeding place in Ethiopia. Key areas include the wetlands and the rift valley migratory routes. The main source of information on bird populations is the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) who have identified “Endemic Bird areas” and “Important Bird Areas”.In some parts of the world, bird collisions with power lines has become a significant issue, both to environmentalists concerned with threats to rare and endangered species, and to the power companies as these encounters with power lines can cause power outages. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 87 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project While there is as yet no experience of bird deaths being a significant problem in Ethiopia, it is a potentially localized problem that may occur with an expansion of the distribution /transmission lines. There are two main causes for bird collision, large low flying birds physically flying into power lines and raptors and other large birds perching on distribution lines and touching across un-insulated conductors. In the majority of cases the problem is relatively localized, where a distribution line crosses a specific bird flight path, such as a valley between a wetland area and roosting area or feeding area. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 88 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 7. Mitigation Measures7.1. Upgrading Power Transmission Line Project Noise impact is insignificant and temporary in nature and needs no mitigation. Dust problem arises during construction and is temporary and needs no mitigation except watering the roads during construction. Sexually transmitted and other communicable diseases in the working sites would be controlled by a provision of proper health facilities/services. Severe cases should be referred to nearby hospital on time. Health education especially on STIs & HIV/AIDS cases should be given regularly. Malaria prevention and control measures should be taken in the camp site. It is also best to recruit work forces from the project area to avoid any new cases coming with the migratory workers. Regarding safety, the work accidents will be minimized by the provision of regular personal safety equipment and give safety orientation prior to any construction activity. Safety warning systems (e.g. warning sign posts) should be used on the excavation sites where necessary. Severe penalties for drunkenness and disorderly behaviour by some workers and regular substance abuse orientation should be given to all workers.  To ensure the safety of people and animal from the effect of electromagnetic fields, all habitation should be excluded from the ROW and substations.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 89 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 7.2. New Expansion Power Transmission ProjectSocio-Economic In order to avoid or minimize the impacts on houses and other resources, careful selection of ROW shall be undertaken. However, for the affected residential houses and homestead vegetation, appropriate compensation payments would be undertaken. Impacts on public and community institutions such as mosques, churches, schools, clinics, etc. shall be avoided by careful selection of ROW. No mitigation is recommended. For temporarily affected farmland and crop compensation will be paid for one year product. Noise impact is insignificant and temporary in nature and needs no mitigation. Dust problem arising during construction which is temporary and needs no mitigation except watering the roads during construction. Sexually transmitted and other communicable diseases in the working sites would be controlled by a provision of proper health facilities/services. Severe cases should be referred to nearby hospital on time. Health education especially on STIs & HIV/AIDS cases should be given regularly. Malaria prevention and control measures should be taken in the camp site. It is also best to recruit workforces from the project site to avoid any alien cases coming with the migratory workers. Regarding safety, the work accidents will be minimized by the provision of regular personal safety equipment and give safety orientation prior EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 90 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project to any construction activity. Safety warning systems (e.g. warning sign posts) should be used where necessary. Severe penalties for drunkenness and disorderly behaviour by some workers and substance abuse orientation be given to all workers.  To ensure the safety of people and animal from the effect of electromagnetic fields, all habitation should be excluded from the ROW. Proper runoff drainage should be prepared and care should be taken not to contaminate water sources with solid or liquid wastes. Proper compensation payment should be given to affected individuals before the commencement of the construction activity.Biological Environment In order to minimize the adverse effects on flora, re-vegetation activities should be practised on disturbed and open areas. Area closure is also recommended to encourage the natural regeneration of trees in the project area.  In order to minimize the pressures on the existing wild animals during the construction phase, orientation to construction workers should be carried out to stop any illegal hunting in the project area. To minimize the habitat loss, it is much preferred to reduce the vegetation clearing. A re-vegetation practice also plays vital part to restore the wild animals. If there is migratory bird route or important bird area to be affected by the proposed project deflectors are proposed to be fixed on conductors to keep the safety of birds, and EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 91 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  There are no national parks, reserve or conservation and wetland to be traversed by the proposed transmission line. Physical Environment  Land for land compensation should be undertaken by local administration (Woreda and Kebele administrations) for those farmers losing much of their farm land. Care needs to be taken to ensure that air and water resources are degraded by construction activities or by access road runoff during the operation period. Silt /sedimentation traps should be constructed on the drains at some intervals to reduce water velocity thereby reducing soil erosion. Similarly, use of heavy machinery should be restricted as much as possible to minimize the disturbance of soil and the pollution of the air from dust.  If there is migratory bird route or important bird area to be affected by the proposed project deflectors/flappers are proposed to be fixed on conductors to keep the safety of birds.  There are no national parks, reserve or conservation and wetland to be traversed by the proposed project7.3. Rural Electrification Bio-physical EnvironmentThe main mitigation measure is related to route alignment. This shall be taken care at the design stage to avoid the need for any land acquisition, resettlement, or any interference with cultural heritage or natural habitats. Therefore, any sensitive areas shall be avoided by re-routing the lines. That is,EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 92 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project the distribution lines can also be routed to avoid any direct or visual impact on cultural heritage sites, such as churches, mosques, archaeological, cultural and historical sites and away from any viewpoints or other sites of outstanding natural beauty. The project should be aware of any such sites along planned routes.Before starting detailed line survey, EEPCo will consult the key stakeholders to be aware of any potentially sensitive habitats or protected areas that may be affected by the route. These include: the state authorities, EPA, Ministry of agriculture Natural Resources department, Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research and the Ethiopian Agricultural Research (forestry), Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization (protected areas) and the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (birds and sensitive habitats.Socio-economic and CulturalCompensation for Crop Damage during ConstructionCompensation procedures for damage of properties should be prepared and clarified at the early stage of the project. That is, compensation for crop damage during construction should be paid in cash before construction starts according to current market value. In order to compensate and valuate property lost to the project, a committee should be formed at Woreda level which will handle the appropriation of land and compensation issue according to Proclamation No. 455/2005.Land temporarily expropriated should be returned to the owners immediately after the completion of the project. If there would be project delay and the land return schedule would be delayed accordingly, compensation should be effected for the prolonged time.Compensation for Loss of Crop-Long TermThe project proponent should ensure that appropriate measures are taken to ensure that affected persons are compensated in accordance with the principles and procedures outlined in the RPF and the national proclamation on compensation and land appropriation (Proc. No. 455/2005). Any permanentEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 93 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project loss of land, houses and other immovable assets such as perennial crops due to the construction of substation need to be identified and project affected persons (PAPs) compensated prior to commencement of construction activities on the basis of Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF).Depending on the availability of land, permanently cultivated, land lost to the Project will be compensated on a land-for-land basis. Permanent loss of perennial plantations will be compensated with sufficient cash to the project affected person. Residential land, houses, buildings and other fixture losses will be directly and fully compensated at replacement cost. Occupational Health and Safety Occupational health and safety standards and guidelines for the project should be prepared at the early stage of the project. These standards and guidelines shall be made part of contract documents to be signed with any contractor. To minimize incidence of STIs, especially HIV/AIDS, health education program shall be provided with the involvement of health care institutions (both GOs/NGOs) around the project sites.In general, all work operations should be considered in a systematic manner to reduce the short term and long term risks to health (disease, injury and death) of the work force. Concrete Pole Distribution The present proposal is to use concrete poles, rather than timber ones, avoiding adding to the pressure on the scarce wood resources. In addition, the design should specify special foundations in areas with unstable soils, to prevent movement of the poles, minimizing the risk of poles falling over and presenting a hazard to humans and livestock, as well as limiting power outages and maintenance or repair costs to EEPCo.Protection from Bird Collision and ElectrocutionEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 94 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project There are two main approaches to dealing with the issue: that is, design and insulation of distribution poles and attaching “flappers” to the lines so that they can be more easily seen and avoided in flight. Research carried out on different pole configurations has shown that the armless compact construction design is regarded as being the safest. However, even with the armless compact design, raptors flying into land on one of the short support brackets can contact both of the lower phase conductors at the same time. Mitigation methods used include increasing the distance between phase conductors and installing molded plastic insulation on conductors. Increasing the visibility of the line can reduce the second problem of bird flight collisions. If there are any concerns about possible bird/power line interactions in a particular area, EEPCO will inform local communities to report power line bird deaths if they occur. Protection of Cultural HeritageDuring surveying of the route alignment cultural, historical, religious and archeological sites will be avoided. When there is any “chance findings” the contractor will immediately inform EEPCo on such findings and the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) will be informed for further investigation. The following are procedure when “chance findings” occurs: a) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately suspend the work and report such findings to the SE, so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 95 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project b) The contractor shall take the necessary measures for preventing that any person or equipment may damage the article or things and shall provide barricades, fences and signals and if necessary, protect against atmospheric agents, as directed by the engineer. Also guard service may be required by the engineer. c) The supervising engineer shall take the following measures:  Notify the Project office immediately, EEPCo shall notify the relevant Regional department of antiquities and ARRCH, Request for representative to make site inspection, Secession of work in the vicinity of the find until the visit of representative; and  Decision by the department of antiquities /ARCCH on possible salvage or excavation within 48-72 hours of notification Occupational Health and Safety Occupational health and safety standards and guidelines for the project should be prepared at the early stage of the project. These standards and guidelines shall be made part of contract document to be signed with any contractor. To minimize incidence of STIs, especially HIV/AIDS, health education program shall be provided with the involvement of health care institutions (both GOs / NGOs) around the project sites.In general, all work operations should be considered in a systematic manner to reduce the short term and long term risks to health (disease, injury and death) of the work force. Concrete PolesThe present proposal is to use concrete poles, rather than timber ones, avoiding adding to the pressure on the scarce wood resources. In addition, theEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 96 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project designs specify special foundations in areas with unstable soils, to prevent movement of the poles, minimizing the risk of poles falling over and presenting a hazard to human and livestock, as well as limiting power outages, and maintenance or repair costs to EEPCo.Protection from Bird Collision and Electrocution There are two main approaches to dealing with the issue, that is, design and insulation of distribution poles and attaching “flappers” to the lines so that they can be more easily seen and avoided in flight. Research carried out on different pole configurations has shown that the armless compact construction design is regarded as being the safest. However, even with the armless compact design, raptors flying into land on one of the short support brackets can contact both of the lower phase conductors at the same time. Mitigation methods used include increasing the distance between phase conductors and installing molded plastic insulation on conductors. Increasing the visibility of the line can reduce the second problem of bird flight collisions. If there are any concerns about possible bird/power line interactions in a particular area, EEPCo will inform local communities to report power line bird deaths if they occur. Avoidance of PCB ChemicalsIt is evident that the existing imported transformers and capacitors (especially those imported before 1989) are suspected of containing PCB chemicals. Therefore, the newly to be imported transformers and capacitors should first be certified as PCB-free and be given much care during the procurement and the importation process. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 97 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 8. Environmental and Social Management Plan for Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project ImplementationProject Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) Pre– - Most civil work projects lack -Include the EEPCo/Designer construct- detail considerations to environmental, social, ion Phase implement the proposed health and safety clauses environmental, social, health into the contract and safety mitigation measures document - Transformers and capacitors are EEPCo/Engineer suspected of containing PCB -Transformers and chemicals capacitors should be checked for PCB-free during procurement and - Cultural heritage prior to importation. EEPCo -Route alignment during surveying to avoid cultural heritage sites - Land and Building acquisition (historical, archeological Engineer sites, etc.) -Complete all necessary land and building acquisition before the commencement of any construction works. - Safety orientation -Organize environmental management and safety training. All contractors and supervising consultant field supervisors shall attend the training.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 98 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Project Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) Construc- - Removal of vegetation -Clearance of vegetation -Contractor for Mitigation tion should be minimized to implementation measures to Phase the extent possible. If it is -Environmental be included removed, should be and Social experts as bill item replanted of EEPCo (for in the monitoring) contract - Soil erosion initiated or -Using proper erosion Engineer/ aggravated. control methods Environmental and - Soil pollution or contamination including biological and Social experts of due to used oil and hazardous physical means.(energy EEPCo waste spillage dissipaters, grassing of slopes, etc) - Solid waste (dismantled ground wires, etc.)- Dust emission -Apply dust abatement >> >> measures - Property damage Appropriate compensation & mitigation measure to be put in place -Any damage should be repaired or compensated -Protect the crops from being damaged by equipment or machinery - Archeological findings -Inform ARCCH upon “Chance findings” -Use Environmental and Contractor for social clauses by Contractors implementation - Water Pollution -Ensure that potential Contractors sources of petro- /EEPCo chemical pollution areEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 99 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Project Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) handled in such a way to reduce chemical spills and leaks. -Train work crews in safe Engineer handling of petro- /EEPCO chemicals. -Use Environmental and Environmental and social clauses for Social experts of Contractors EEPCo (for monitoring) - Impacts on cultural heritage -Inform ARCCH -Contractor for implementation - Crop and grazing pasture -Any damage should be -Environmental damage repaired or compensated and Social experts of EEPCo (for monitoring) - Vehicles transporting equipment -Apply dust abatement -Contractor for and materials will raise dirt and measures implementation dust clouds -Environmental - Excavation sludge, construction -Prepare appropriate waste and debris dumping site and Social experts of EEPCo (for - Waste soil monitoring)- Changes in the topography- Soil erosion -Restore the site after the - Contractor - Flora and Fauna completion of construction activity -Use Environmental and -Environmental - Erosion social clauses for and Social experts Contractors of EEPCo (for -Use Environmental and monitoring)EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 100 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Project Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) social clauses for Contractors -Clearly mark the areas to -Contractor be cleared of vegetation before clearing commences. No clearing of vegetation shall occur outside of these areas. -Whenever possible avoid -Environmental clearing construction and Social experts areas, access trucks and of EEPCo (for construction camps on monitoring) steep slopes / productive agricultural land. -Following completion of Contractor works, prepare areas for rehabilitation by re- vegetation or engage local community to plant vegetation. -Ensure topsoil is left in a Environmental and non compacted condition Social experts of following completion of EEPCo (for works. monitoring) -Ensure re-vegetation at the earliest time -Following completion of woks prepare areas for rehabilitation by re- vegetation or engage locals -Ensure that potential - ContractorEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 101 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Project Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) - Water Pollution sources of petro- - Environmental chemical pollution are and Social handled in such a way to experts of reduce chemical spills and leaks. EEPCo (for monitoring) -Train work crews in safe handling of petro- chemicals. -Minimize soil - Waste management sedimentation as out lined under sediment control -Contain all solid wastes at designated location within construction sites. -Crush, burn and bury all inorganic solid waste in an approved disposal area. -Remove disabled equipment, including machinery from the area. -Use above water table pit latrines at major construction sites. -Compost all green or biodegradable waste. -Use well maintained equipment (with mufflers where appropriate) -Use noise screens or - Noise mounds near residences, schools and health EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 102 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Project Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation Institutional Cost Phase measure(s) Responsibilities Estimates (Incl. legislation & (Incl. regulations) enforcement & Coordination) centers. -Carry out noisy construction activities during day light -Advise local people when there will be unusually high levels of noise Operation - Risk of electrocution -Awareness creation EEPCo and among local communities Maintena - Interaction between bird life -Posting warning signs Contractor for nce Phase and transmission lines -Making poles and lines implementation visible to birds (coloring posts, etc) - Poles may collapse due to several -Inspect poles regularly reasons9. General Mitigation Issues and EEPCo’s CommitmentThe key mitigation factor for minimizing (and, if possible, avoiding) detrimental environmental impacts as a result of the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project is line alignment. Prior to starting construction EEPCo carriesEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 103 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project out a line survey and prepares a map showing the routing and estimating quantities so that a contract can be drawn up. The line survey also records any areas that may be adversely affected by the Project. After identifying the exact project location for new expansion of power substations appropriate mitigation measures will be made according to the Environmental and Social Management Plan.EEPCo will specifically record where the line crosses any protected areas. The contract also specifies the type of steel towers to be used and the configuration of the arm and insulators. For a proper decision-making, prior to undertaking the detailed line survey, EEPCo will consult the various stakeholders including the Regional Government Sector Offices, MoWE, EWNHS, IBCR, EARO, ARCCH, Ministry of Agriculture and the PAPs etc., to consider if there are any “Environmentally Sensitive Areas” recognized by these organizations ( that is, listed in their schedule as areas which harbor protected, threatened or endangered species, areas of particular historic or archaeological interest, primary forests, wetland of national or international importance, national park and protected area) and may be affected by the Program. If there are sensitive areas identified, then the relevant organization can arrange for a site visit and advice EEPCo on possible problem areas and the potential for alternative alignments. In general, decisions are made by EEPCo after consulting the pertinent organization depending on the type of sensitive area(s) identified.As an additional requirement, EEPCo will record any areas where there is potential for the alignment to affect the visual amenity of a cultural heritage site. EEPCo will also, at the time of the survey, record the need for any unforeseen land acquisition and impact on the grazing grounds of the pastoralists. Following this consultation process, this information along with the map of the selected routing will be passed to FEPA and MoWE for their review and comments. EEPCo will report on any recorded bird deaths and indicate on a map where these have occurred. Should any hotspots be identified, EEPCo will report these to the FEPA for the input of the latter (to enable the former to decide) and propose appropriate interventions, which may include the localized installation of bird flappers or arm/line insulation. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 104 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Concerning protection of cultural heritage, EEPCo will report to the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works and construction period of the Project components.10. Institutional ArrangementsThe implementation responsibility of undertaking ESMF rests on the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.To a considerable degree, construction contractors will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures but the ultimate responsibilities to insure the proposed mitigation measures to be undertaken properly by Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project Office.The Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE) will oversee all the environmental activities related to the project. The offices of the Regional Government, Woreda Administration, Health Departments, Agricultural Departments and other relevant stakeholders will be involved with their specific responsibilities in the environmental and socio- economic activities. Their responsibilities are exercised in different stages, preconstruction, construction and operation and maintenance.11. ESMF Implementation and ManagementImplementing the ESMFEnvironmental and Social Experts of Power System Planning (PSP) of EEPCo will be responsible to conduct environmental and social monitoring of Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 105 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The implementation of ESMF will be exercised in different stages of the projects, preconstruction, construction and operation phases.Therefore, the ESMF implementation endeavor can make use of the already designed training program by the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project. On the other hand, as part of capacity building and technical assistance to implement the work, the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project may recruit about 4 to 6 relevant professionals on contract basis for the project duration.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 106 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 12. Environmental and Social Monitoring and Management The process of environmental monitoring and management involves several activities with the corresponding responsible actors and stakeholders. The following sections, therefore, present the roles and responsibilities of the actors, the monitoring intervention and the mitigation cost estimate.12.1. Mitigation Principles and Clauses The Environmental specification as part of the project contract document shall contain all the necessary clauses relevant to the project. The contract document shall be a binding legal document to be signed by the contractor and Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.(Please refer the Annex for Environmental and Social clauses).12.2. Work Place HIV/AIDS ProgramThe Ethiopian Government issued a policy, which calls for an integrated effort involving a multi-sectoral response, to control the epidemic. The Ethiopian Government’s HIV/AIDS policy urges communities at large, including government ministries, Woreda level government institutions, and the civil society to assume responsibility for carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns. In line with this policy, EEPCo has taken the initiative to develop and implement an HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention strategy. The strategy will comprise of three phases:  Awareness creation campaign for EEPCo’s management personnel, Awareness creation educational program and campaign to be organized for EEPCo district staff and projects (2,000 persons), and Continuation and consolidation of awareness creation and education program and campaign for domestic and international contractors and their work force. The overall objective of the EEPCo’s HIV/AIDS awareness creation strategy is to contribute to reducing HIV/AIDS infection and incidents. This will not onlyEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 107 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project contribute to strengthening national efforts to halt the epidemic but also support international initiatives to stop the spread of the disease. Operational Objectives The operational objectives are:  To promote continuous sectoral, gender related information, education and communication (IEC) messages about HIV/AIDS infection, protection, counseling and care;  To increase availability and accessibility of condoms;  To establish a sectoral policy that will safeguard human and civic rights and avoid discrimination of EEPCo staff who are infected with HIV/AIDS;  To contribute to the national efforts in establishing indicators that will ensure effective monitoring and evaluation. EEPCo’s strategy on HIV/AIDS was prepared in 2005, and following its preparation, a number of workshops were held to familiarize its staff with the objectives of the strategy. EEPCo has now received funding support from the National HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office for the implementation of the HIV/AIDS strategy. 12.3 Air Quality Management With the exception of some dust emission and nuisance caused by heavy truck movements from access roads during the construction periods, the Project will not cause significant impacts on the existing air quality. For the dusts arising from access roads proper dust abatement measures (periodic spraying of water and traffic speed limit) will be taken by contractors.12.4 Soil Quality Management Vehicles and machineries used oils, etc., are considered as the major soil contaminants. It can leach to the ground and contaminate the soil easily. Therefore, such waste materials should be handled properly until they are taken to their proper and approved disposal areas.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 108 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 12.5 Water Resource ManagementStreams and creeks can be affected by chemicals, used oil spills and untreated discharges during construction period. Used oils and chemicals specially can penetrate to the ground and affect ground water resources.Liquid wastes will be pretreated before discharging to streams. Chemicals should be properly stored and utilized. 12.6 Noise Abatement Noise pollution is most related with the noisy operations like, heavy truck movements, use of machinery, drilling machine and heavy equipments. The schedule of construction works should be adjusted so as not to disturb the sleep of the persons living near. The noise levels would be monitored on site and in the surrounding communities regularly.The equipment and machinery should be maintained in good state.12.7 Health and Safety The contractor throughout the construction period will be required to use appropriate vehicles and comply with legal gross vehicle and axle load limits. They are also required to respect the standard driving speed limit. The contractor should minimize road safety hazards and inconvenience to other road users by taking all appropriate measures during the construction periods. During operational phase safety orientation in schools and other Project areas will further minimize impacts on the local communities12.8 Application of Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) GuidelinesThe Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of April 2007, which are part of OP/BP 4.01, shall be applied for (i) general EHS, which includes occupational health and (ii) Electrical Power Distribution. The EHS Guidelines can be easily found on www.ifc.org. These guideline requirements have to be integrated in the EMPs.The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). When one of more members of the World Bank Group is involved in a project, these EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 109 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. The General EHS Guidelines are designed to be used together with the relevant Industry Sector EHS Guidelines which provide guidance to users on EHS issues in specific industry sectors. A complete list of industry sector guidelines can be found at: www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines. EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 110 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 13. Roles and Responsibilities of Major Actors 13.1 Major ActorsThe principal actors involved in the management and monitoring of environment and social concerns related to the implementation of the Project are the following: the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project, the Power System Planning /PSP/, the Contractor,  the Supervision Engineer (SE)However, it is recognized and obvious that: Regional Governments, Woreda Administration, Woreda sector Offices (Agriculture and Rural Development office, land Administration and Environmental Protection offices, Education and Health offices, HIV/AIDS Office, Water Resource office, etc.) Kebele Administration,  Project Affected People (PAPs) representatives, the Community, the Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE),  Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural heritage (ARCCH),EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 111 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project  Other relevant sector ministries, Local NGOs (as required) are also components of other stakeholders who may play an affirmative role in the process of the Project implementation.The major roles and responsibilities of each of the actors are presented in the following sections.13.2. The Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project.The Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project is the owner of the project that undertakes the overall contractual follow-up to ensure the successful implementation of the Project.The core responsibility of the Project is that it makes sure that compensations are effected; that is, compensations are made at replacement costs and as per the provision in Proclamation No. 455/2005. The Project establishes an exclusive team to implement compensation.13.3. The Power System planning /PSP/Power System Planning Office of EEPCo comprises environmentalists and sociologists. The role and responsibility of the environmental and social experts of PSP mainly focuses on regular monitoring of the Project operations; that is, to ensure that proposed mitigation measures have been implemented.13.4. The ContractorsThe Contractors of the Project are responsible to undertake the construction works as per the design and the ESMP. In simple terms, projects environmental and social clauses will be part of the bidding documents and part of the contracts of the contractors. In complex projects the contractors will need to prepare their own Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The Contractors are responsible for the implementation of their ESMP and need to appoint qualified environmental and/ or social specialists.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 112 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project After preparing the ESMP’s it needs to be approved by the Supervision Engineers and submitted to Bank for clearance and public disclosure before staring physical activities.13.5. The Supervision Engineer (SE)The SE is responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of the Program implementation. By contractual arrangement, the Supervision Engineers will be responsible for adequate implementation of the environmental and social clauses of the ESMP. The SE approves or rejects, as the case may be, the proposals and undertakings of the contractor in relation to the requirements of the contract documents.13.6. Regional GovernmentRegional government and its sector offices shall be aware of the project activities and make overall supervision proper implementation of the project.13.7. Woreda AdministrationThe Woreda Administration is the major actor in establishing valuation committee and day to day follow up for proper implementation and timely compensation payment for PAPs.13.8 Woreda Sector officesThe Woreda sector offices such as Agriculture, health, Education and other relevant sector offices will have a role in their respective profession and will be member of valuation committee as well as Grievance committee.13.9 Kebele AdministrationKebele Administration is the lowest administrative body that will be involved in valuation of assets of the affected people. They will be representative in the valuation committee and involve in the day to day project activities.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 113 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project 13.10 Project Affected People (PAPs) representativesProject affected people (PAPs) will have representatives in the valuation committee 13.11 The CommunityThe Community has the right to be consulted to ensure the overall project acceptability without which the Project would not be sustainable.In general, the community should be involved at different stages of the Project implementation up to decision-making level.13.12 Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH)The Authority will be informed whenever there are significant cultural heritage sites in the project areas for further investigation.13.13 Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE)Ministry of Water and Energy is the regulatory body delegated to review the ESIA document, give approval and monitor the performance of development projects, inter alia.13.14. Local NGOsIn project areas where there exists NGOs involved in energy-related interventions, EEPCo may approach the NGOs for their possible contributions especially for the sustainability of the Project. NGOs are important specifically during the operation phase of the Project.14. Implementation of CompensationAs stipulated in the Ethiopian legal framework and the WB Safeguard Policies, development projects should not impoverish the people within the project areas. Rather, the PAPs should gain from the project and one aspect of theirEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 114 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project achievement is that adequate compensation should be effected prior to project implementation.On this basis, therefore, the ENREP should assign a team, for the Project life, responsible for the effective and efficient implementation of the compensation estimated as per the valuation methods/techniques. 15. Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental monitoring is an essential component of project implementation. It helps to ensure that the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and helps to anticipate possible environmental hazards and or detect unpredicted impacts over time. Construction contracts will include environmental monitoring, management procedure and plan and this must be prior to the commencement of any construction activities. The Environmental and Social Experts of PSP should perform environmental and social monitoring during all stages of the project, especially during the construction stage of the Project, mainly focusing on the following issues to be monitored: removal of vegetation,  noise levels,  soil erosion,  water quality,  accidents/health,  rehabilitation of work site,  preservation of cultural/religious heritage, and  effective implementation of compensation16. Reporting ProcedureDuring the implementation of the Project, reports mainly originate from the SEs who is after the day-to-day progress of the works.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 115 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project The SE’s submits reports to the Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project and the PSP for their follow-up and review and comment on the reports.EEPCo will submit copies of reports to the Ministry of Water and Energy (MoWE) for the prompt action of the latter.EEPCo will submit copies of reports to the donor-WB.The feedback of reports from Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion project (ENREP) and PSP should be provided to the SE’s within the time stipulated in the contract document.Figure 2: summarizes the reporting procedure/flow within EEPCo as well as between EEPCo and other pertinent stakeholders.Feedback ReportReport FeedbackReport FeedbackReport Report Feedback 17. Estimated Environmental Mitigation CostsEnvironmental Cost EstimateThe total budget cost for environmental and social monitoring, compensation payment, consultancy service for the preparation of RAP and ESIA (where it isEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 116 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project required) for project components, and cost for capacity building/training for the environmental and social experts of EEPCO is about USD 1,849,937.00 (Birr 32,338,193.72). The cost estimates are based on the past experience of EEPCo’S transmission line and rural electrification projects.The estimated cost for environmental monitoring, escalating and updating from 2010 cost, is about USD 25,000.00 (Birr 437,017.50) and this is assumed to enable the Environmental and Social Experts of EEPCo to conduct periodic monitoring works on project sites. The training cost is derived from the Energy Access Project financed by the WB and adding inflation rate.The cost breakdown for the project presented below.No. Compensation Items Cost in USD Cost in Birr 1 Monitoring cost 25,000.00 437,017.50 2 Consultant Fee 400,441.63 7,000,000.00 3 Training cost 239,960.01 4,194,668.95 4 Compensation payment 986,327.82 17,241,700.31 Sub Total 1,651,729,.46 28,873,387.17 5 Administration cost/2% of total 33,034.59 577,467.76 cost/ 6 Contingency cost/10% of the total 165,172.95 2,887,338.79 cost/ Sub Total 198,207.54 3,464,806.54 Total 1,849,937.00 32,338,193.72 1 USD = Birr 17.4807 (November 8, 2011, Exchange Rate, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia /CBE/). There is no land acquisition cost; land is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia (Article 49, 3 of the Constitution). The compensation estimation for access road, eucalyptus trees and houses are based on the Additional Finance for Energy Access Project, Distribution Rehabilitation project Abbreviated resettlement Action Plan June, 2010 . For fruitEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 117 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project bearing trees the compensation cost estimate is based on Geba Hydro Electric Project, RAP, and September 2011.18. Submission / Clearance of ESMFThe ESMF document will be submitted to Ministry of Water and Energy for their comments and approval.The disclosure of ESMF will be released on EEPCo's website and in the World Bank’s InfoShop and announced on the Ethiopian newsletters to the public.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 118 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project References Dire Dawa Provisional Administration and Federal urban Planning Institute, Spacial Development Framework for the city of Dire Dawa, Addis Ababa and DireDawa, July 2006. Dire Dawa Provisional Administration and Federal Urban Institute Dire Dawa IDP Preparation Project Report on History, Culture and Tourism of Dire Dawa, June 2005. EEPCo. (2005). Environmental and Social Management Framework. Addis Ababa EEPCo. (No date). Universal Electrification Access Program EEPCo, Facts in brief, 2008/09. EPA. (1992) Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, EPA. (2003). Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines. Addis Ababa. EPA. (2003). State of The Environment Report for Ethiopia, Environmental protection Authority, August 2003, Addis Ababa. FDRE. (1995). The Constitution. Proclamation No. 1/1995. Addis Ababa FDRE. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Proc. No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa FDRE. (1997). Environmental Policy. EPA / MEDaC. Addis Ababa FDRE. (2002). Establishment of Environmental Organs. Proc. No. 295/2002. Addis Ababa FDRE. (2005). Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation. Proc. No. 455/2005. Addis Ababa FDRE, Central Statistical agency, Statistical Abstract, 2008, Addis Ababa. Federal Urban Planning Institute, Bahir Dar Metropolitan City Administration, Bahir Dar Integrated Development Plan. (BDIDP), July 2006 Federal Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Integrated Development Plan of Awassa Town, December 2006 Masters, G.M. (2003). Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science. Prentice- Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi. National Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Development Plan of Dessie Town, September, 2000, Addis Ababa. National Urban Planning Institute, Report on the Development Plan of Jima Town, September, 1997, Addis Ababa.National Urban Planning Institute, Mekele Development Plan (Final Report), Executive Summary, October, 1993, Addis Ababa. Nazareth Master Plan, Final Report, National Urban Planning Institute, December 1995, Addis Ababa.EEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 119 ESMF – Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Schnoor, J. L. (1996). Environmental Modeling: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air and Soil. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Study on Geothermal Power Development Project in the Aluto Langano Field, Ethiopia, Draft Final Report, December, 2009, Ernst and Young Shin Nihon LLC Japan External Trade organization 9JETRO), West Japan Engineering Consultant, Inc. WB. OP/BP 4.01. Environmental Assessment WB. OP/BP 4.12. Involuntary Resettlement WB. OP/BP 4.36. Forests WB. OPN 11.03. Cultural PropertyEEPCo, Power System Planning /PSP/ December 2011 120

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