<p> Basic Terminology</p><p>I. Introduction</p><p>1. Anatomy: Studies shape and structure of the body a. Gross anatomy: large structures studied looking at their shape and external features b. Microscopic anatomy: use of microscopes to study fine details (histology: tissues, cytology: cells)</p><p>2. Physiology: studies the function of each body part and how the functions coordinate to form a complete organism</p><p>II. Terminology</p><p>1. anatomical position: position used when referencing all other movements and directions: head forward, arms at side, palms forward</p><p>2. sagital: the plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body or organ into right and left portions</p><p>3. midsagital (median): the plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body or organ into EQUAL right and left portions</p><p>4. frontal (coronal): the plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions</p><p>5. transverse: the plane that runs horizontally across the long axis of the body or organ and divides it into superior and inferior parts</p><p>III. Directional and Positional Terms</p><p>6. anterior: situated at or directed toward the front of the body</p><p>7. Posterior: situated at or directed toward the back of the body</p><p>8. Cranial: towards the head</p><p>9. Caudal: toward the tail</p><p>10. Superior: situated towards the head</p><p>11. Inferior: situated towards the feet 12. Medial: pertaining to or directed toward the midline (medial plane)</p><p>13. Lateral: pertaining to or directed away from the midline </p><p>14. proximal: used when describing a point on an appendage: nearest the point of reference or to the point of attachment</p><p>15. distal: used when describing a point on an appendage: farthest from the point of reference or to the point of attachment</p><p>16. Superficial: pertaining to the surface of the body</p><p>17. Deep: away from the surface of the body, more internal</p><p>IV. Terms of Basic Anatomy</p><p>18. ligament: a band of tough connective tissue connecting bone to bone</p><p>19. tendon: fibrous cord of connective tissue continuous with the fibers of a muscle; connect muscle to bone</p><p>20. joint: the junction or union between two or more bones</p><p>21. cartilage: the gristle or white elastic substance attached to articular bone surfaces and forming parts of the skeleton</p><p>22. bone: the hard, tough, elastic material that forms the skeleton; composed primarily of calcium salts</p><p>23. muscle: type ot tissue containing fibers that contract; when working together they can move a body part or organ</p><p>24. fascia: band or sheath of connective tissue the encases muscle and/or tendons</p><p>25. bursa: a sack or sack-like cavity in the vicinity of a join which acts to reduce friction around a joint</p><p>26. extremity: a limb or appendage</p><p>V. Terms of Movement</p><p>27. range of motion (ROM): the amount of normal movement of a particular joint of the body 28. abduction: to move away from the center or midline</p><p>29. adduction: to move towards the center or midline</p><p>30. flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint: to bend a limb 31. 32. extension: to increase the angle of a joint: to straighten a limb</p><p>33. rotation: to move a limb around a joint axis</p><p>34. circumduction: to move joint in a circle</p><p>35. plantarflexion: to point the toes/foot down (stand on tip-toes)</p><p>36. dorsiflexion: to pull the toes/foot up</p><p>37. inversion: to rotate foot so that sole of the foot is facing in</p><p>38. eversion: to rotate foot so that the sole of the foot is facing out</p><p>39. pronation: to rotate palms/forearm so that they are facing posteriorly (when in anatomical position)</p><p>40. supination: to rotate palms/foream so that they are facing anteriorly (when in anatomical position)</p><p>41. valgus: force directed towards the midline of the body</p><p>42. varus: force directed away from the midline of the body</p><p>VI. Injury Terms</p><p>1. acute: having sudden onset and short duration</p><p>2. chronic: having a gradual onset and long duration: showing little change or extremely slow progression over a long period of time</p><p>3. Sprain: injury to a ligament</p><p>4. Strain: injury to a muscle or tendon 5. sign: objective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body</p><p>6. symptom: subjective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body</p>