<p> U.S. History</p><p>GonnaGonna MakeMake aa Change:Change: CombatingCombating RacismRacism inin thethe EarlyEarly 2020th CenturyCentury</p><p>Even though slavery had been abolished in 1865, African Americans still faced a great deal of prejudice and discrimination in the United States at the turn of the century. The Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Fergusen (1896) legalized segregation and led to an increase in Jim Crow Laws. In 1915, Birth of a Nation, a film that glorified white supremacy, became the most popular film in the country. Membership in the Ku Klux Klan expanded greatly in the early 1900s and branches of the hate group could be found in every part of the country. All of these obstacles made it very difficult for African Americans to realize the promises made in the Declaration of Independence. Despite the hardships that they were forced to endure, some African Americans became activists who used various methods to combat the racial inequality that existed in the United States. </p><p>Education & Integration…</p><p>Some African American activists believed that the most effective way to combat racism was through education. Booker T. Washington was an early leader in the effort to achieve equality. He had been born into slavery. But after the Civil War, he became a teacher. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to help African Americans learn trades and gain economic strength. Washington hired talented teachers and scholars, such as George Washington Carver. Washington believed that education would allow African Americans to gain greater economic independence. Washington believed that once African Americans were no longer dependent on whites for jobs, they would truly be free.</p><p>To gain white support for the Tuskegee Institute, Washington did not openly challenge segregation. Washington said in an 1895 speech in Atlanta, in “purely social matters [whites and blacks] can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.” Washington believed that directly challenging segregation would not further his cause. He believed that once white Americans saw that African Americans were capable of achieving economic equality, their desire to maintain segregationist laws would fade. Other leaders in the black community took a more direct approach to fighting against segregation. W.E.B. Du Bois, the first African American to graduate from Harvard, encouraged African Americans to fight back against segregation. In 1909 he formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP would play a major role in ending segregation in the second half of the 20th century. </p><p>Putting on a Spotlight on Racial Inequality…</p><p>While most Americans were aware of racism, it was not a topic that was often discussed or reported on in the media. Some African Americans believed that if white Americans were forced to examine the realities of racial discrimination, than they would have no choice but to join the fight against it. </p><p>Ida B. Wells was an African American journalist. After three of her friends were lynched, she decided to publish an article about lynching in the South. Southerners called for Wells to be lynched and she was forced to move north to Chicago. Many African Americans moved north to escape the violence that existed in the South. But northern whites also discriminated against African Americans. In 1902, two African Americans were lynched in Springfield, Illinois (within a half mile of Abraham Lincoln’s childhood home). </p><p>Segregation is the Solution, Not the Problem?</p><p>A small minority of the African American community viewed segregation as the solution to the problems they faced in the United States. The leader of this movement was a man named Marcus Garvey. Marcus Garvey called for a return to Africa and the formation of a separate nation there. Garvey believed that whites and blacks were not meant to live together. He said, “If Europe is for the Europeans, then Africa shall be for the black people of the world.” Garvey had some very radical beliefs. In 1922 he attended a Klan rally in Atlanta, Georgia. Afterwards he proclaimed that the members of the Ku Klux Klan were better friends of the African race than any other group of white people. He praised the Klan because they were not hypocrites; they were open and honest about their racist beliefs. Garvey argued that all whites felt this way, but most were afraid to admit it. W.E.B. Dubois believed that Garvey was a dangerous man and that his message would do nothing to improve the lives of African Americans. </p><p>Name: U.S. History Date: Core:</p><p>CombatingCombating RacismRacism inin thethe earlyearly 2020th Century:Century: ReflectionReflection QuestionsQuestions</p><p>Directions: Use the “Gonna Make a Change: Combating Racism in the early 20th Century” handout to help you answer the following questions. </p><p>Fact Check…</p><p>1. Which of the following words best describes the approach to ending racism that was promoted by Booker T. Washington? a. education c. separation b. desegregation d. information</p><p>I chose answer choice _____ because: ______</p><p>______</p><p>2. Who was W.E.B. DuBois? ______</p><p>______</p><p>3. What is the NAACP? ______</p><p>______</p><p>4. Which of the following words best describes the approach to ending racism that was promoted by Ida B. Wells? a. education c. separation b. desegregation d. information</p><p>I chose answer choice _____ because: ______</p><p>______</p><p>5. Which of the following words best describes the approach to ending racism that was promoted by Marcus Garvey? a. education c. separation b. desegregation d. information</p><p>I chose answer choice _____ because: ______</p><p>______</p><p>Reader Response…</p><p>Briefly summarize the article in the space below.</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>______</p><p>4 3 2 1</p><p>Advanced Proficient Developing Beginning</p><p> Shows a deep  Shows a clear  Shows a basic  Shows little/no understanding of the main understanding of the main understanding of the understanding of the main idea of the text idea of the text main idea of the text idea of the text  All major details are  Most major details are  Some major details are  Few major details are included and paraphrased included and paraphrased included (may be in included and/or may be  Structure of summary  Structure of the summary author’s words) inaccurate mirrors the structure of the is very similar to the  Structure of the  Ideas in summary not text structure of the text summary is somewhat presented in the same  Includes no minor details  Includes no/few minor similar to the structure of format as the text and unnecessary opinions details and unnecessary the text  Includes many minor  Concludes with a statement opinions  Some minor details and details and unnecessary that deeply connects to the  Concludes with a irrelevant opinions opinions main idea statement that clearly included  Conclusion is missing or  Ideas are effectively connects to the main idea  Concludes with a does not connect to main communicated with fluency  Ideas are clearly statement that idea communicated somewhat connects to  Writing is awkward and the main idea unclear  A mix of clear and awkward writing</p>