<p> Chapter 17; (1841-1848) Manifest Destiny & Its Legacy </p><p>JQ Adams, Secretary of State, (1824) “[The taking of all of North America by the United States is] as much a law of nature… as that the Mississippi should flow to the sea.”</p><p>John L. Sullivan, “Our manifest destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of yearly multiplying millions.”</p><p>I. The Accession of “Tyler too” Election 1840</p><p>P.396 W.H.Harrison dies w/i 30 days; Clay is unable to enact his policies. Tyler - “Democrat in Whig clothing”</p><p>II. John Tyler: A President w/o a party. “His Accidency”</p><p>P.397 1) Tyler vetoed Clay’s bank proposal, & vetoes increased tariffs.</p><p>2) Entire cabinet [except Daniel Webster who was negotiating the Webster- Ashburton Treaty w/ England] resigned & </p><p>3) Tyler was kicked out of the Whig Party.</p><p>III. A War of Words w/ England -- </p><p>P.398 Caroline Affair - Sinking of American steamer supplying weapons to Canadians.</p><p>Creole Incident - 1841 England offers asylum to 130 slaves.</p><p>IV. Manipulating the Maine Maps</p><p>P.399 Aroostook War – a/k/a Lumberjack War. Border dispute. Compromised on Maine border w/ England. </p><p>Treaty: Webster-Ashburton Treaty. </p><p>V. The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone/Belated TX Nuptials</p><p>P.400 TX not admitted earlier to Union b/c: 1) Mexico threatened war 2) North opposed admitting a slave state. However, TX negotiates w/ Europe. US fears European influence.</p><p>1 TX admitted. Note after Polk elected but under Tyler.</p><p>VI. James K. Polk P.401-3 A. Election 1844 Clay (W) vs. James K. Polk (D) “Young Hickory”</p><p>Issue: Manifest Destiny. The U.S. will spread from sea to shining sea. Clay Against. Polk For. Polk wins.</p><p>Liberty Party: 3rd Party opposed to slavery-steals votes from Clay in NY causing him to lose the election.</p><p>B. Polks (4 Point Program)</p><p>Point #1 - Obtain Oregon</p><p>Oregon Boundary Dispute. (w/England).</p><p>Slogan: 54’40* or fight. See Map. Almost war.</p><p>Compromise: Divide the difference at 49*</p><p>Point #2 - Raise Tariffs</p><p>Walker Tariff –</p><p>Point #3 - Restore Independent Treasury - Successful</p><p>Point #4 - Obtain Mexican land to the Pacific Ocean</p><p>1) Slidell Offer. (Polk’s envoy to Mexico) Offers to buy CA for $25m. Mexico refuses.</p><p>2) Border dispute w/ TX & Mexico.</p><p>Mexico claims land north to Nueces River. TX claims southern border to the Rio Grande. See Map P. 409.</p><p>Polk, to provoke Mexico, places troops in disputed territory. Mexico attacks. U.S. declares war on Mexico. (1846-1848).</p><p>Question: Why all of Texas and not all of Oregon Answer: B/C England is strong and Mexico is weak. (Sen. Benton of MO)</p><p>Generals: a) Zachary Taylor (Old rough & ready). b) Winfield Scott (Old fuss & feathers).</p><p>2 3) John C. Fremont (R). (1846) Leads band of men w/ help from U.S. navy and overthrows Mexican rule in CA. (Bear Flag Republic)</p><p>4) The War. 1846-1848.</p><p>A) Battle of Buena Vista. Zachary Taylor w/ 5K troops defeats Santa Anna w/ 20K troops. B) Winfield Scott conquers Mexico City.</p><p>5) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</p><p>U.S. gains 1/3 of Mexico. (CA,NM, North to Oregon). Mexico receives $18m.</p><p>VII) Profit & Loss in Mexico</p><p>1) 13K U.S. dead.</p><p>2) Fulfill Manifest Destiny. Dramatically increase size.</p><p>3) Schoolroom for Civil War soldiers.</p><p>4) U.S. “Colossus of the North” Seen as Big Bully in Americas</p><p>5) Increased Slavery Tension.</p><p>Wilmot Proviso (Passed House not Senate) “Slavery shall never exist in the land taken from Mexico.”</p><p>VIII) War Protests/Opposition</p><p>1) In general people who opposed slavery, Whigs, etc. </p><p>(OI) 2) Henry David Thoreau: Wrote: “The Duty of Civil Disobedience” (See Handout)</p><p>Refused to pay poll tax which paid for the war and, therefore, was jailed.</p><p>Why? He believed it was:</p><p>A. Immoral to extend slavery. B. Immoral to invade an independent country.</p><p>Compare from Global: Gandhi in India</p><p>3 3) Ralph Waldo Emerson - Wrote against war.</p><p>4) Lincoln. “Spot Resolutions” “Spotty Lincoln”</p><p>Conscience Whigs – Oppose War/Slavery.</p><p>Wanted precise spot on American soil where Mexicans shed American blood.</p><p>Why?</p><p> a) Lincoln was a Whig. Opposed to expansion of slavery.</p><p> b) Believed it was unconstitutional b/c Congress needs to declare war not the President.</p><p>Later, we’ll look at Lincoln’s questionable Constitutional acts in Civil war.</p><p>4</p>