<p>Appendix B. Supplementary data used to construct phylogenies for plants and pollinators. </p><p>Supplementary methods used to construct the pollinator phylogeny. </p><p>The follwing references were used to construction the tree topology for each group: arthropods , Hymenopter , Vespidae , bees overall , Megachilidae , Apidae , Andrenidae , Halictidae , Coleoptera , Lepidoptera overall , Nymphalidae , Hemiptera , Diptera overall , Bombyliidae , and Syrphinae . </p><p>References</p><p>Cardinal S., Straka J. & Danforth B.N. (2010). Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16207-16211. Cryan J.R. & Urban J.M. (2012). Higher‐level phylogeny of the insect order Hemiptera: is Auchenorrhyncha really paraphyletic? Systematic Entomology. Danforth B.N., Cardinal S., Praz C., Almeida E.A.B. & Michez D. (2012). The Impact of Molecular Data on Our Understanding of Bee Phylogeny and Evolution. Annual Review of Entomology, 58. Danforth B.N., Sipes S., Fang J. & Brady S.G. (2006). The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 15118-15123. Freitas A.V.L. & Brown K.S. (2004). Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology, 53, 363-383. Gonzalez V.H., Griswold T., Praz C.J. & Danforth B.N. (2012). Phylogeny of the bee family Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) based on adult morphology. Systematic Entomology, 37, 261-286. Heraty J., Ronquist F., Carpenter J.M., Hawks D., Schulmeister S., Dowling A.P., Murray D., Munro J., Wheeler W.C. & Schiff N. (2011). Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 60, 73-88. Hines H.M., Hunt J.H., O'Connor T.K., Gillespie J.J. & Cameron S.A. (2007). Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 3295-3299. Hunt T., Bergsten J., Levkanicova Z., Papadopoulou A., John O.S., Wild R., Hammond P.M., Ahrens D., Balke M. & Caterino M.S. (2007). A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science, 318, 1913-1916. Ishiwata K., Sasaki G., Ogawa J., Miyata T. & Su Z.H. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships among insect orders based on three nuclear protein-coding gene sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 58, 169-180. Kim M.J., Kang A.R., Jeong H.C., Kim K.G. & Kim I. (2011). Reconstructing intraordinal relationships in Lepidoptera using mitochondrial genome data with the description of two newly sequenced lycaenids, Spindasis takanonis and Protantigius superans (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 61, 436-445. Mengual X., Ståhls G. & Rojo S. (2008). First phylogeny of predatory flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Syrphinae) using mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes: conflict and congruence with the current tribal classification. Cladistics, 24, 543-562. Mutanen M., Wahlberg N. & Kaila L. (2010). Comprehensive gene and taxon coverage elucidates radiation patterns in moths and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277, 2839-2848. Wiegmann B.M., Trautwein M.D., Winkler I.S., Barr N.B., Kim J.W., Lambkin C., Bertone M.A., Cassel B.K., Bayless K.M. & Heimberg A.M. (2011). Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 5690-5695. Yeates D.K. (1994). The cladistics and classification of the Bombyliidae (Diptera: Asiloidea). Bulletin of the AMNH; no. 219.</p><p>Table B1. Node age estimates for pollinators used to construct branch lengths using BLADJ algorithm in Phylocom. Node names match the node names in the phylogeny in Fig. B2 (and associated NexML and newick files.</p><p>Node name Age (mya) birds_insects 910 Insecta 378 diphemip 355 diphymeno 350 colelepo 300 diplepo 282 Coleoptera 238.4 buprestcler 236.7 bruchidmordell 236.2 mordellclerid 222.8 canthlamp 162.5 bruchceramby 128.4 c sessidnoctuid 170.6 piernymphalid 69 lycaennymphal 42.3 Lepidoptera 151.2 pierpapilio 148.7 Apoidea 100.4 andrenhalic 92.3 collethalict 83 vespidsphecid 163.5 beessphecids 127.8 syrphtachin 84.5 bombsyrph 166 conopcall 47.9 stratiobomb 222 bibiobomb 274.9 Fig. B1. Master plant phylogeny used in analyses. NeXML and newick versions of this phylogeny are in the associated zip file (phylogenies.zip), and are available on Treebase.org (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S15552?x-access- code=f4a09e27ecb1cd08798a4736ecf595ae&format=html). </p><p> e r i g e r o n</p><p> s o l i d a g o a n t e n n a r i a</p><p> c i r s i u m a s t e r b a l s a m o r h i z a c r e p i s a s t e r a c e a e s e n e c i o</p><p> a s t e r a l e s s y m p h y o t r i c h u m c a m p a n u l a c e a e l o m a t i u m a p i as ac en a i c e u l a z i z i a c a p r i f o l i a c e a e o r o bc a a n s c t h i l a l e c j e a a e m i m u l u s p l a n t a g i n a c e a e l i t h o s p e r m u m b o r a g i n a c e a e g e n t i a n a l e s a s t e r i d s pd r o i m d e u c l a a c t he ea oe n</p><p> c a r y o p h y l l a c e a e c a r y o p h y l l a l e s m o n t i a c e a e</p><p> r o sp ao c e t e a n e t i l l a r o s a l e s r o s a</p><p> a s t r a g a l u s o x y t r o p i s l a t h y r u s t r i f o l i u m l u p i n u s f a b a c e a e v i c i a c e l a s t r a l e s _ t o _ m a lm p i ag lh p i ai g l eh si a l e s e u d i c o t s bs r a i s s y s m i c a b c r ei u a m e m a l v i d s g e r a n i a c e a e g eg r a e n r ia a n l e i u s m z y g a d e n u s o n a g r a c e a e s al i x t h i f o r a p g h a r c a e g a m e a s a x i f r a g a r a nd ue n lc p u h l a i n ci e u a m e r a n u n c u l u s a l l i u m b r o d i a e a a s p ac r a a m g a a c s e s a i a e s i s y r i n c h i u m l i l i a c e a e Fig. B2. Master pollinator phylogeny used in analyses. NeXML and newick versions of this phylogeny are in the associated zip file (phylogenies.zip), and are available on Treebase.org (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S15552?x-access- code=f4a09e27ecb1cd08798a4736ecf595ae&format=html). Note that all the bee clades are collapsed under the node “Apoidea”. B i r d s</p><p>H e m i p t e r a</p><p>A p o i d e a S p h e c i d a e I n s e c t a</p><p>V e s p i d a e</p><p>C r a b r o n i d a e</p><p>C e r a m b y c i d a e</p><p>C o l e o p t e r a</p><p>N y m p h a l i d a e L y c a e n i d a e H e s p e r i i d a e L e p i d o p t e r a B i b i o n i d a e</p><p>D i p t e r a S t r a t i o m y i d a e</p><p>B o m bA y n l i t i hd ar a e c i n a e B o m b y l i i n a e</p><p>S y r p h i d a e</p><p>E r i s t a l i n a e C o n o p i d a e</p><p>C a l l i p h o r i d a e T a c h i n i d a e T a c h i n i n a e</p>