<p> CW43: The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1900–45 Conflict Causes of conflict Presence and influence of other Changing Arab-Israeli relationships Proposed solutions actors and international events  World War One  Misperceptions  Actors: Ottoman Empire  Jewish settlements  Paris Peace Conference Britain and Arabs ally against Unaware of the details of the Until 1917, retention of Arab Lovers of Zion; Rishon-le-Zion; Arabs should have the right to the Ottoman Empire; Sykes-Picot Agreement and the customs in Palestine more than 40 Zionist settlements in national self-determination; expectation from the Arabs Balfour Declaration; Britain’s Palestine by 1914; Jewish need for a major power to help that they would get Palestine support for both them and Zionism  Actors: Britain population doubled between them run their new country; in return; Hussein-McMahon Balfour Declaration; given a 1922–29 Britain received the mandate letters  Arab disagreement with various mandate over Palestine by the to look after Palestine, also proposals: verdict of Paris Peace Paris Peace Conference; helped  Reasons for migration confirmed that the terms of the  Political conflict Conference the Jews build up their military Influence of Rothschild; Herzl and Balfour Declaration should Emir Feisal becomes king of Decision to include the Balfour forces such as the Hagannah and the Zionist Congress in 1897; apply to the new country an Arab state consisting of Declaration in the way in which the Irgun Zvai Leumi Jewish National Fund Palestine, Lebanon, Palestine was to be governed; Peel  Peel Report Transjordan and Syria; publicly Report – proposed a Jewish state  Actors: King-Crane Commission  Wartime immigration Palestine should be divided opposes Zionist migration; and an Arab state Concluded that the case for a Jews smuggled in by ship: the into a Jewish state and an Arab parties unite to form the Zionist presence should be Struma Arab state; Britain to keep Arab Higher Committee; Ben  Rate of settlement dropped; findings ignored by Paris control of the area around Gurion’s conference at the Herbert Samuel’s influence; Jewish Peace Conference Jerusalem Biltmore Hotel calls for the population doubled between 1922– immediate creation of a Jewish 29  Actors: France  1939 White Paper state in Palestine King Feisal started attacking the Jewish immigration to be  Extreme Zionism French; French removed him from limited to 75,000 over the next  Civil disobedience Vladimir Jabotinsky, demonstration Syria and Lebanon five years; no more 1936 general strike near the Mosque of the Dome of immigration without Arab the Rock in Jerusalem  Actors: Herbert Samuel consent  Arab-Israeli violence British Jew, High Commissioner of Protest against Samuel’s  Jewish dissatisfaction Palestine; 16,500 Jews to be  1942 Biltmore Programme decision; 1929 massacre; Anger at the 1939 White Paper in allowed to settle in Palestine in Calls for the immediate Irgun planted bombs and shot light of the Nazi threat 1920 creation of a Jewish state in Arabs in response to the White Palestine Paper  Events: First World War; Paris Peace Conference  Arab-British violence 1937–39 rebellion</p><p> Jewish-British violence Lehi, Abraham Stern, Lord Moyne, Irgun violence</p><p> World War Two 30,000 Jews in Palestine </p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 1 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p> joined the British army</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 2 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>The creation of the state of Israel and its impact Conflict Causes of conflict Presence and influence of other Changing Arab-Israeli relationships Proposed solutions actors and international events  Irgun and Lehi  British immigration limits  President Truman  Propaganda – Ben Gurion and the  UN voted in November 1947 to From 1946, the Irgun and the Despite President Truman’s Demanded that 100,000 Jews be Jewish Agency continued to try to partition Palestine six months Lehi began a large-scale declaration that 100,000 Jews allowed into Palestine at once smuggle Jews into Palestine from that date; Jerusalem campaign of violence against should be allowed into Palestine, should be an international zone the British, including the the British fixed the limit at 1500 a  United Nations  Political change under UN control; Jewish and blowing up of the King David month. This was the last straw for Asked to take back the mandate On 15 May 1948, the British Arab states should be linked in Hotel in Jerusalem, the Lehi and the Irgun; Exodus from Britain and decide the future of mandate ended and the Arab and an economic union to help headquarters of the British the country; UN Special Committee Jewish states came into being; the each other’s trade government in Palestine,  UNSCOP Plan on Palestine; truce arranged on Jews named their state Israel and which killed 91 people Jewish state would be larger than 11 June 1948 which allowed the formed a government led by David the Arab state; vote for partition Israelis to reorganise their army Ben Gurion  Death toll was followed by violent Arab and transport the Czech weapons 212 killings in Palestine protests which soon turned into they had bought earlier in the year  Effects of the violence killings and counter-killings from Europe; second truce lasted Nearly a million Palestinians left or  Civil War between Jews and Arabs until October 15 were forced to leave their homes; Operation Dalet, Deir Yassin most went to Jordan and the Gaza capture of Tiberias, Haifa and  Purchasing of arms  Arab League Strip, many went to Syria and Jaffa; Hagganah occupied Hagannah leaders went to Skoda Palestine turned to it for help; Lebanon; Arab state of Palestine most of the Arab areas of arms firm in Czechoslovakia and however, it had only been created ceased to exist; Palestinians West Jerusalem bought a huge quantity of recently and its members were became a minority people in the armaments divided on many issues new state of Israel  War of Liberation The civil war of 1948 was  Arab League assistance  Reasons for Palestinian migration about to turn into an Arab League in December 1947 Massacre at Deir Yassin, Israeli international war, the first of a declared partition illegal and gave military victory; Arab leaders series of Arab-Israeli conflicts the Palestinians 10,000 rifles; early encouraged them to leave during that has rocked the Middle in 1948 it formed an Arab Liberation the conflict East since 1948. On 15 May Army of 3000 volunteers to fight in 1948, armies from Egypt, partition Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria entered Palestine  Formation of Ben Gurion with the aim of helping the government Palestinian Arabs fight the Five neighbouring Arab countries Jewish state of Israel which sent armies to make war on Israel had been created that day; Arab Legion of Transjordan had taken back control of the Old City of Jerusalem; Israelis seized western Galilee; drove the Lebanese back north; Israel was left in control of 80% of the land</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 3 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973</p><p>War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973</p><p> Description:  Description:  Description:  Description: On 15 May 1948, armies from Egypt, Lasted for 10 days; invasion began on 5 June 1967; Israeli initial air strike 6 October; the Day of Atonement; Arab Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria 29 October; advanced deep into Sinai; (bombed Egyptian airfields and launched initial success: smashed Israel’s Suez entered Palestine with the aim of helping involvement of Britain and France; Egypt similar attacks against the other Arab air Canal defences; 80,000 Egyptians crossed the Palestinian Arabs fight the Jewish state refused to evacuate Suez Canal zone and forces); land war (drove Egyptians out of the canal; destroyed Israeli tanks; Syria of Israel which had been created that day were bombed by the British and French; the Gaza strip and Sinai; defeated Jordan advanced into the Golan Heights and drove UN voted for a ceasefire; Arab countries within two days, capturing the Old City of the Israelis back into Galilee; Israel fought  Causes: stopped supplying Britain with oil; USA Jerusalem and the ‘West Bank’; attacked back: US weapons sent to Israel; 254,000 Establishment of Ben Gurion government; refused to support the invasion; Eden the Syrian army in the Golan Heights and reservists mobilised; 14 October tank battle unhappiness with the UN Partition Plan; forced to agree to a ceasefire just 24 hours this was over by June 10); United Nations against the Egyptians; Israel crossed into British mandate expiring; both sides after the first British troops had landed in ordered a ceasefire which the Arab nations the Suez Canal; international pressure – rearmed Egypt; UN Emergency Force moved in to had to accept USSR wanted it ended (feared that the police the border between Egypt and Israel Egyptians would lose); USA wanted it ended (did not want to provoke the Soviets  Causes:  Effects: into giving even more weapons to Egypt  Causes: - Syria became violently anti-Israel - Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria signed and Syria); joint ceasefire proposed came - Nasser wanted to avenge Egypt’s defeat (General Jedid’s takeover, attacks by armistices with Israel but no peace treaty; into force on 22 October many Arabs have refused to recognise in the 1948 war against Israel and to Fatah guerrillas from Syria increased) Israel and have talked about destroying it; return Palestine to the Arabs; increased - Land dispute – Israeli tractor ploughed up  Causes: many Jews arrived in Israel from existing wealth and armed strength; his reputation some Arab-owned land close to the - Sadat replaced Nasser in 1970 and he refugee camps and communities from in the Arab world increased; he aimed to border and met Syrian fire. Israel wanted to reverse the Arab defeat of 1967 Eastern Europe unite the Arabs under Egyptian leadership responded by bombing Syrian guns. - Egypt was more ready – asked the USSR - Israel’s first law in 1950 was the Law of - 1955 arms agreement with Israel warned that it would strike back for assistance; plans were made for an Return; anti-Jewish riots; in Iraq, Zionism Czechoslovakia gave Egypt many Soviet if Syria did not stop invasion of Sinai across the Suez Canal; was punishable by death; Arab protest at weapons - USSR intervention (incorrectly argued that Syria would also attack from the Golan Israeli diversion of the waters of River - Support for Algerian rebels angered Israel was ready to invade Syria at short Heights Jordan France – supported Arab rebels who were notice); King Feisal of Saudi Arabia and - Need for $65 million of international aid to fighting the French in their colony of King Hussein of Jordan promised to help  Effects: cope with new humanitarian needs; Algeria Syria - Israeli victory: 12,000 Arabs had been change of leadership in Arab - Nationalisation of Aswan Dam angered - Nasser ordered UN Emergency Force to killed compared to 2000 Israelis governments: assassination of Egyptian Britain – it had been owned largely by leave Egyptian territory; UN was ordered - Oil as a weapon: OAPEC increased the prime minister in 1948; a series of military British and French shareholders; Nasser to withdraw; barred the Gulf of Aqaba to price of Arab oil until Israel withdrew from takeovers in 1949; in 1950: assassination did this after Britain and the USA Israeli ships; military pacts (Jordan and Egypt and Syria of Lebanese prime minister; murder of cancelled the loans they had promised Egypt formed a defence pact; eight Arab - USA tried to appease the Arabs King Abdullah of Jordan; coup in Egypt - Increase of Fedayeen attacks angered states were poised to attack); Moshe - Britain stopped supplying Israel with which gave Colonel Nasser power; Arab Israel – continuance of cross-border Dayan (appointed Minister of Defence) weapons leaders blamed their defeat on Britain and attacks; closing of the entrance of the Gulf decided to use attack as a form of - EEC expressed sympathy for the the USA and concentrated on improving of Aqaba to Israeli ships defence Palestinians their economies - Kissinger’s proposal: disengagement of Israeli and Egyptian forces should happen in 1974; they should withdraw to pre-ceasefire positions; UN army should control the gap between them; Israel should withdraw from Sinai and in return get American aid</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 4 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Reasons for, and outcomes of, Arab-Israeli conflicts to 1973 (cont) War of 1948 War of 1956 War of 1967 War of 1973</p><p>- Some of the new leaders hoped for a  Effects:  Effects: union of the Arab countries; very little - Egypt’s military power reduced – 1000 - Israel improved its strength and security – action taken on Palestinian refugees casualties; Israel accepted as a kept Sinai, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan among all Arab countries, except Jordan; permanent member of the international Heights, and doubled the size of the Fedayeen established – secret guerrilla community country attacks on Israeli targets; each year from - Britain and France humiliated – their - Disaster for the Arabs – 15,000 men 1949 to 1955, some 250 Israelis were influence in the Middle East declined; had killed; 800 tanks captured or destroyed; killed or wounded in such attacks. This to leave Egypt empty-handed; failed to suffering for the Palestinians – those prompted Israeli attacks in retaliation, overthrow Nasser; failed to keep the Suez who had been living in the West Bank and including an attack on the village of Qibya Canal open; had to introduce petrol the Gaza Strip were now in occupied in Jordan in 1953 and in 1955 the Israelis rationing territories and faced heavy restrictions mounted a raid on the Gaza strip after a - Israel gained security against Fedayeen on their lives series of Fedayeen attacks on their attacks – destroyed their bases; UN took - Strength of Fatah – Turned to Fatah territory; Arab boycott of Israeli trade – over Sharm el-Sheikh and Gaza; rather than other Arab states – Fatah Israeli ships could not use the Suez emergence of Palestine Liberation increased their weapons; Battle of Canal; confiscation of cargo from Israeli Organisation Karameh; Arafat became leader; ships which called at Arab ports; Israel - Nasser’s reputation in the Arab world continual fighting between Egypt was in a permanent state of tension increased – pro-western governments in and Israel; support from USSR; 1970 Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq turned against ceasefire; Guerrilla warfare (PFLP, France and Britain; hopes for United Arab Dawson’s Field hijackings), Black League were soon dashed September Organisation assassinated the Prime Minister of Jordan, kidnapped and later murdered eleven Israeli athletes taking part in the Munich Olympic Games; failed diplomatic effort – UN Resolution 242</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 5 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Arab nationalism in the 1980s and 1990s, and divisions in the Arab world Divisions in the Arab world Conflict</p><p> President Sadat  Direct conflict between Israel and Lebanon Sadat’s initiative: recognised Israel’s existence; Camp David Agreement of 1978; 26,000 Israeli troops invaded Lebanon in response to a bus hijack; PLO continued their Washington Treaty 1979; caused fury in the Arab world; President Sadat was murdered by attacks undeterred by the UN or the Christian militia leader, Major Haddad; June 1982 – angry Egyptian soldiers 172,000 Israeli soldiers invaded Lebanon; UN let them pass; forced the PLO out of Beirut; PLO went to Algeria and Iraq. Defeat for Israel – assassination of pro-Israeli Maronite  Lebanon President Gemayel of Lebanon; Sabra-Chatila massacre turned public opinion in Israel Sunnis, Shi’ites, Druzes; Christians-Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics; conflict against the war; Defence Minister Ariel Sharon resigned; Israel had to withdraw from Beirut; between Maronites and Sunni Muslims; refugee problem met with suicide bombs from fanatical Shi’ites</p><p> PLO in Lebanon  PLO attacks Muslims in Lebanese government supported the PLO whilst the Maronites condemned them; By 1986, PLO guerrillas were back in south Lebanon and making cross-border attacks on full-scale civil war between Phalangist Militia and Tiger Militia and Shi’ite and Druze Muslims; Israel; splinter groups came into being; Palestine Liberal Front hijacked a cruise ship and the Syria invaded Lebanon on the side of the Christians and then killed Christians Abu Nidal group hijacked an Egyptian airliner</p><p> Civil war between terrorist groups in Lebanon  Internationalisation of conflict Islamic Jihad Organisation; Hezbollah; Arab Red Knights; Black Brigades; civil war involved Terror campaign was spread in places like Britain and France; in 1986 an American soldier taking of hostages was killed by a terrorist bomb in West Berlin; US bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi</p><p> Rise of Hamas from Fatah  Political dissension within Israel Following on from this, Hamas and other militant organisations rose to power and shook the Peres – talks in Morocco and Egypt; Taba; Yitzchak Shamir – no negotiation with the Arabs foundations of the authority which Fatah under Arafat had established. However, Arafat over the West Bank; Jewish settlers continued to build new settlements there; Likud talked of remained in his position until a month before his death in 2004 extreme solutions such as the annexation of the occupied territories</p><p> Intifada On 9 December 1987 an Israeli army patrol shot two attackers; uprising soon followed; strikes and economic boycotts; refused to work for Israeli employers; Israel’s response – ‘iron fist’</p><p> Arafat’s change of tactics Renounced terrorism; proclamation of independent state of Palestine; sought to negotiate a settlement with Israel; USA entered into talks with the PLO; the Oslo Accords of 1993, agreed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, granted the Palestinians the right to self-government in the Gaza Strip and the city of Jericho in the West Bank, through the creation of the Palestinian Authority. The PLO had used negotiating tools to get as close to their stated aims as was realistically possible, but this by no means marked the end of the conflict, as the Second Intifada, with repeated suicide bombings, took place in 2000–04</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 6 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Sources Lowe, N. Mastering Modern World History (3rd edition, Macmillan Masters, 1997) BBC series, Cold War, written by Jeremy Isaac and Taylor Downing, published by Transworld in 1998 Hunter, R. E. The Six Day War (Purnell’s History of the 20th century, Vol. 6, Chapter 94, BBC, 1969) Kyle, K. Suez: Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (I. B. Tauris, 2003) Mandle, B. Conflict in the Promised Land (Heinemann, 1976) Mansfield, P. A History of the Middle East (Penguin, 2003) Perkins, S. J. The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Nelson Thornes, 1991) Regan, G. Israel and the Arabs (Cambridge University Press, 1993) Scott-Baumann, M. Conflict in the Middle East: Israel and the Arabs (Hodder Murray, 2007) </p><p>Processes (Part A) Assess the impact of British intervention 1914–21 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of Britain, Egypt and Suez 1945–56 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of the Cold War 1956–73 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade. Assess the impact of the United Nations and the Gulf War 1990–91 on the growth of Arab nationalism in the ensuing decade.</p><p>The role of individuals (Part A) What was the short-term significance of David Ben Gurion? What was the short-term significance of Colonel Abdel Nasser? What was the short-term significance of Yasser Arafat? What was the short-term significance of Saddam Hussein?</p><p>Key events (Part A) What was the short-term significance of the creation of the state of Israel, 1948? What was the short-term significance of the war of Yom Kippur, 1973? What was the short-term significance of the Iranian Revolution, 1979? What was the short-term significance of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, 1995?</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 7 The Middle East and Arab-Israeli Conflict, c1900–2001</p><p>Processes (Part B) How significant was the presence of foreign powers as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? How significant was the existence of Israeli-Arab wars as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? How significant was the promotion of proposed solutions as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001? How significant was Israeli migration as an influence on the nature and growth of Arab nationalism in the years 1900–2001?</p><p>The role of individuals (Part B)</p><p>Assess the significance of the role of individuals in affecting Israeli-Arab relations in the years 1900–2001. </p><p>Key events (Part B) To what extent do you consider the Balfour Declaration to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the 1948 Civil War in Palestine to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the founding of the Palestine Liberation Organisation to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century? To what extent do you consider the death of President Nasser to be a key turning point in the political development of the Middle East during the 20th century?</p><p>© Pearson Education Ltd 2009 8</p>