<p>1</p><p>LIPID METABOLISM – TUTORIAL</p><p>1. The bonds that link fatty acids to the rest of a lipid molecule can be hydrolyzed by ______</p><p>2. The transfer of fatty acids to the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by ______</p><p>3. The -oxidation cycle of fatty acids requires ______, ______, ______</p><p>A. FAD B. NAD+ C. Energy D. All of the above E. None of the above </p><p>4. The processing of one molecule of Stearic acid (18 carbons) by - oxidation ______</p><p>5. A key intermediate in the formation of ‘ketone bodies’ is ______</p><p> acetoacetyl-CoA</p><p>6. “Ketone bodies” are formed when ______</p><p>7. Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they ______</p><p>8. The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the duodenum by the enzyme pancreatic lipase that produces ______and ______for absorption</p><p>9. What type of linkage occurs between ACP (Acyl Carrier Protein) and the intermediates in fatty acid biosynthesis? ______</p><p>10. For complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons, how many times must -oxidation cycle be repeated? ______</p><p>11. Acetyl-CoA produced by oxidation of fatty acids in liver mitochondria can be further oxidised via the ______2</p><p>12. For complete oxidation of a palmitic acid, how many ATPs are produced? ______</p><p>13. What are the three most common ketone bodies? ______, ______and ______</p><p>14. One of the main differences between oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids is oxidation occurs in ______while synthesis occurs in ______. </p><p>15. The committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the formation of ______</p><p>16. The main source of NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids is ______</p><p>17. There is no transporter for acetyl-CoA to get out of the mitochondria, so the carbons must be converted to ______for transport to the cytosol</p><p>18. The coenzyme for acetyl-CoA carboxylase is ______19. In majority of instances the first fatty acid that first synthesized is ______20. The direct source of all carbon atoms for synthesis of fatty acids is ______21. Excessive breakdown of fatty acids under fasting, starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus conditions lead to excessive production of ______which further leads to production of ketone bodies.</p><p>22. The function of bile in the breakdown of fat is to ______the fat (Fungsi hempedu dalam proses pemecahan lemak ialah untuk ______lemak berkenaan)</p><p>23. b-Oxidation of fatty acids occur in the (Oksidasi asid lemak berlaku di dalam )</p><p>24. After each cycle of b-Oxidation of fatty acid, ______carbon units are being hydrolyzed with the production of ______(Selepas satu pusingan Oksidasi asid lemak, ______unit karban dihidrolisiskan untuk menghasilkan ______)</p><p>25. The transfer of fatty acyl CoA to the mitochondrial matrix is mediated by ______(Pemindahan atau pengangkutan `fatty acyl-CoA ke dalam matriks mitokondria dibantu oleh) ______3</p><p>26. Which of the following is not involved in the reaction sequence of b- oxidation? (Diantara yang berikut, yang manakah tidak terlibat di dalam oksidasi-  asid lemak?) </p><p>27. The processing of one molecule of stearic acid (18 carbons) by - oxidation require (Pemprosesan satu molekul asid stearik (18 atom karban) melalaui Oksidasi) memerlukan ______</p><p>28. “Ketone bodies” are formed when (Juzuk keton dibentuk bila ) ______29. A major difference between the anabolism and catabolism of fatty acids is that (Perbezaan utama antara anabolisme dan katabolisme asid lemak ialah)</p><p>30. The ultimate precursor of all carbon atoms in steroids is (Pelopor utama bagi kesemua atom karban di dalam steroid ialah) ______</p><p>31. Cholesterol is the precursor of (Kolesterol adalah pelopor bagi) ______1. cortisone 2. testosterone 3. progesterone 4. bile</p><p>32. What are the three most common ketone bodies? (Apakah tiga jenis juzuk keton utama?) ______</p><p>33. The main source(s) of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis (Sumber utama NADPH untuk sintesis asid lemak ialah) ______</p><p>34. The committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the formation of ______(Langkah komited (penting) dalam sintesis asid lemak ialah pembentukan ______)</p><p>35. The coenzymes of acetyl-CoA carboxylase are (Koenzim bagi enzim asetil-KoA karboksilase ialah) ______</p><p>36. Fatty acid synthesis is the process of combining eight two-carbon fragments from ______to form a saturated fatty acid, ______(Sintesis asid lemak ialah proses menggabungkan lapan fragmen dua atom karban daripada ______untuk menghasilkan asid lemak tepu ______) 4</p><p>37. The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid is (Enzim yang bertanggungjawab untuk sintesis asid lemak ialah) ______</p><p>38. In the biosynthesis of fatty acids, acetyl-CoA which is found in the mitochondria must be transported into the cytosol where biosynthesis takes place. Transport is through the ______transport system (Dalam biosintesis asid lemak, asetil-KoA yang terdapat di dalam mitokondria diangkut ke dalam sitosol dimana biosintesis berlaku. Pengangkutan adalah melalui sistem pengangkutan ______)</p><p>39. Name the processes that are involved in the modification of the product of fatty acid synthase reactions? (Proses yang manakah yang terlibat di dalam modifikasi produk yang dihasilkan melalui tindak balas `fatty acid synthase’?)</p><p>______elongation desaturation hydroxylation</p><p>40. The committed step in cholesterol biosynthesis is catalyzed by (Langkah komited (penting)di dalam biosintesis kolesterol dimankinkan oleh) ______</p><p>41. Which of the following is not true for the synthesis of cholesterol? (Kenyataan yang manakah yang tidak benar mengenai sintesis kolesterol?) a. De novo synthesis of cholesterol occurs virtually in all cells b. Greatest in liver, intestine, adrenal cortex, and reproductive tissues such ovaries, testes and placenta c. Require a source of carbon atoms and lots of reducing power to generate the numerous carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds d. All carbons are derived from acetyl-coA and NADH from the hexose- monophosphate shunt e. Pathway of synthesis occur in the cytosol and driven by hydrolysis of high energy thioester bond of acetyl-CoA and ATP</p><p>42. The primary storage form of lipid is ______and is normally stored in the ______(Bentuk utama simpanan lipid ialah ______dan biasanya disimpan di dalam ______)</p><p>43. Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they (Garam hempedu pentingbagi penghadaman awal triasilgliserol di dalam usus kerana ) 5</p><p>44. The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the duodenum by the enzyme lipase that produces ______and ______for absorption. (Kebanyakan penghadaman lipid di dalam duodenum dilakukan oleh enzim lipase dan menghasilkan ______dan ______untuk penyerapan)</p><p>45. Chylomicrons ______. (Kilomikron ______) </p><p>46. One of these statements on -oxidation is NOT TRUE. (Salah satu daripad kenyataan berikut adalah SALAH)</p><p>47. In -oxidation, the reactions take place in the ______. ( Tindak balas oksidasi- berlaku di ______)</p><p>48. The first phase in oxidation of fatty acids is the Activation Step which is the conversion of the fatty acids into ______. (Fasa pertama dalam oksidasi- ialah Langkah Pengaktifan iaitu penukaran asid lemak kepada ______)</p><p>49. The product of the Activation Step cannot be transported from the cytosol to the mitochondria. It requires a transport system in the form of ______. (Produk Langkah Pengaktifan tidak boleh diangkut daripada sitosol ke mitokondria. Ia perlukan sistem pengangkutan dalam bentuk ______)</p><p>50. The reaction sequence for -oxidation is ______. (Urutan tindakbalas oksidasi- ialah ______)</p><p>51. For complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons, how many times must -oxidation cycle be repeated? (Untuk oksidasi lengkap asid lemak tepu yang mengandungi 16 atom karban, berapa kali pusingan oksidasi perlu diulang?) ______</p><p>52. Acetyl-CoA produced by oxidation of fatty acids in liver mitochondria can be further oxidized via the ______(Asetil-KoA yang dihasilkan melalui oksidasi asid lemak di dalam mitoklondria hati boleh dioksidasikan lagi melalui ______)</p><p>53. For complete oxidation of a palmitic acid, how many ATPs are produced? (Untuk oksidasi lengkap asid palmitik, berapakah bilangan ATP yang dihasilkan?) ______</p><p>54. What are the three most common ketone bodies? (Apakah tiga juzuk keton yang paling banyak didapati?) ______, ______and ______6</p><p>55. One of the main differences between oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids is oxidation occurs in ______while synthesis occurs in ______. (Salah satu perbezaan utama antara oksidasi dan sintesis asid lemak ialah oksidasi berlaku di ______sementara sintesis berlaku di ______)</p><p>56. The committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the formation of ______(Langkah komited yang berlaku semasa biosintesis asid lemak ialah pembentukan ______)</p><p>57. The main source of NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids is ______(Sumber utama NADPH Untuk sintesis asid lemak ialah ______)</p><p>58. There is no transporter for acetyl-CoA to get out of the mitochondria, so the carbons must be converted to ______for transport to the cytosol. (Tiada pengangkut bagi asetil-KoA untuk keluar daripada mitokondria, jadi karbannya mestilah ditukarkan kepada ______untuk diangkut ke sitosol).</p><p>59. The coenzyme for acetyl-CoA carboxylase is ______. (Koenzim bagi asetil-KoA karboksilase ialah ______)</p><p>60. In majority of instances the first fatty acid that first synthesized is ______(Biasanya asid lemak yang pertama yang disintesis ialah ______)</p><p>61. The direct source of all carbon atoms for synthesis of fatty acids is ______(Punca terus semua atom karban untuk sintesis asid lemak ialah ______)</p><p>62. Excessive breakdown of fatty acids under fasting, starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus conditions lead to excessive production of ______which further leads to production of ketone bodies. (Pemecahan berlebihan asid lemak dalam keadaan berpuasa, kebuluran atau penyakit kencing manis yang tidak dirawat akan menyebabkan penghasilan berlebihan ______yang seterusnya akan menghasilkan juzuk keton)</p><p>63. Give 4 examples of steroid hormones ( Berikan 4 contoh hormone steroid) a. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______</p><p>64. The b-Oxidation cycle of fatty acids requires ______and ______7</p><p>FAD NAD+</p><p>65. What is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis? a. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______</p><p> a. HMG-CoA reductase b. mevalonic acid c. NADPH d. squalene</p>