<p>Earth Environments: Past, Present, and Future – Weblinks </p><p>Chapter 2 Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere</p><p>2.1 - Structure of the atmosphere</p><p>University of Cambridge Centre for Atmospheric Sciences Ozone Hole Tour http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour</p><p>Images of the Ozone hole.</p><p>US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration http://www.research.noaa.gov/climate.html</p><p>Site with archived and current climate data. Links to reports and publications on climate issues such as El Niňo and La Niňa; Global Carbon Cycle , the Ozone layer.</p><p>University Corporation for Atmospheric Research http://www.ucar.edu/learn</p><p>Provides an introduction to the Atmosphere: scientific properties, the climate system, the greenhouse effect and the ozone layer.</p><p>Meteorology Class Notes from Lyndon State College Meteorology Department http://www.apollo.lsc.visc.edu/classes/met130/notes</p><p>Website online textbook. Excellent comprehensive notes and diagrams on all aspects of meteorology.</p><p>American Meteorological Society Search Engine http://www.ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=index- html&ct=1&SESSID=cfab674c79c4214a5ed4f3b9306979 For all kinds of online journal articles on various aspects of atmospheric science.</p><p>Understanding the Atmosphere http://www.profhorn.aos.wisc.edu/wxwise/AckermanKnox/index.html</p><p>Animations and text to explain regional climate and weather processes.</p><p>2.2 – Energy in the Atmosphere</p><p>University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Introduction to the Atmosphere http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_1_1.htm</p><p>2.3 – Moisture in the Atmosphere</p><p>UK Meteorological Office Teacher’s Resources (Hydrological Cycle) http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teachers/lessonplan_ks3_hydrological_cycle.html</p><p>Science Daily: More moisture in atmosphere attributed to humans http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090811091832.htm</p><p>2.4 – Atmospheric Motion</p><p>Local Winds http://www.tpub.com/content/aerographer/14312/css/1432_80.htm</p><p>A discussion of the winds caused by local cooling or heating, land and sea breezes, mountain winds, katabatic winds and monsoons.</p><p>Influence of landscape Structure on local and regional climate http://www.landscape.forest.wisc.edu/landscapeecology/Articles/v04i23p133.pdf Article by Pielke, R.A. and Avissar, R. (1990) using observational and modelling data to assess the relationship between the land surface and climate.</p><p>Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/main.index.html</p><p>Many excellent hurricane links and resources.</p><p>Hurricane Intensity http://www.magazine.noaa.gov/stories/mag/84.html</p><p>An article on the increase in hurricane intensity and natural variability and relevant hurricane web sites.</p><p>Hurricane Katrina http://www.cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/archive/2005/storms/katrina/katrina.html</p><p>Contains movies, images, storm track details and other information related to Hurricane Katrina.</p><p>Meteorology guide provided by the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.ww2010.atmos.uiuc/edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/home.rxml</p><p>Covers topics like forces affecting atmospheric circulation, processes of precipitation formation, weather forecasting.</p><p>Hurricane Research Division of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd</p><p>Information on the underlying mechanisms.</p><p>Global Circulation http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eal/Climate/Older/General_Circulation.html</p><p>An overview of atmospheric circulation cells. 2.5 – Weather Systems</p><p>Imagery and Animations http://www.earthobservatory.nasa</p><p>NASA Visible Earth http://www.visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=108</p><p>Mid-latitude Cyclone http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7s.html</p><p>Gives an overview of cyclones, their development and the dynamics of frontal systems.</p><p>BBC Weather http://news.bbc.co.uk/weather</p><p>Understanding weather at BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding</p><p>UK Meteorological Office http://www.metoffice.gov.uk</p><p>Cairngorm Weather Station http://www.phy.hw.ac.uk/resrev/weather.htm</p><p>One of UK’s highest and longest running mountain weather stations. Online datasets, images, avalanche information. 2.6 – World Climates</p><p>Indian Ocean Monsoon from the Earth Space Research group at the Institute for Computational Earth Systems Science http://www.crsepo.ucsb.edu/esrg/10M2/Start2=10M.html</p><p>Decsribes what a monsoon is, the physical formation mechanisms and the uniqueness of the Indian Monsoon.</p><p>Heat Island group from Berkeley, California http://www.eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland</p><p>Description of the different causes of the urban heat island effect, mthods for its reduction and the use of current climate data.</p><p>Urban Climatology and Air Quality from NASA http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/urban</p><p>Project to investigate and model the urban heat island effect.</p><p>Urban heat Islands http://www.cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/heatisl.html</p><p>A description of the urban heat island effect and the factors that cause it.</p><p>2.7 – Ocean Circulation</p><p>El Niňo Tracking http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elnino</p><p>Information on this phenomenon and links to other useful sites.</p><p>El Niňo Theme page NOAA http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/nino-home.html Global and regional consequences of El Niňo events and the links to droughts and natural forest fires; monitoring of these events.</p><p>El Niňo and La Niňa from Environment Canada http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/educator/elnino/index_e.cfm http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/educator/lamina/index_e.cfm</p><p>Comprehensive discussion with time series animations.</p><p>El Niňo and La Niňa Watch from NASA http://www.topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/elnino</p><p>Gives in depth sea surface temperature data represented in a time series of global satellite images during different oceanic conditions , for example during a strong La Niňa event or tracking the movement of a Kelvin Wave across the ocean.</p><p>Current Animations of SST and OLR from the NASA Climate Diagnostics Centre http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/clim/sst_olr/el_nin0_anim.shtml</p><p>Ocean Images from NASA Visible Earth http://www.visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_set.php?categoryID=817</p><p>Ocean images from satellite data, including ocean winds, circulation, temperatures and bathymetry.</p><p>North Atlantic Oscillation from Tiempo http://www.tiempocyberclimate.org/portal/datanao.htm</p><p>An explanation of the North Atlantic Oscillation and its effects.</p><p>2.8 – Atmospheric Evolution and Climate Change</p><p>Quaternary Palynology from the University of Arizona Department of Geosciences http://www.heo.arizona.edu/palynology/quat_pal.html</p><p>For a review of palynology dating techniques for Quaternary reconstruction.</p><p>Fossil and Surface Pollen Data Archives http://www.ncdc.noaa/gov/paleo/pollen.html</p><p>Dating Techniques from Minnesota State University http://www.mnsu.edu/museum/archaeology/dating/index.shtml</p><p>For relative and absolute dating; the preparation and application of each technique for Quaternary environmental reconstruction.</p><p>Coleoptera in Quaternary Studies from Colby College http://www.colby.edu/geology/Beetles.html</p><p>The use of fossil beetles in environmental reconstruction; value of coleopteran and other webservers.</p><p>Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info</p><p>Provides data and factsheets on a range of topics, including Global Temperature Record; Causes of Climatic Change; Climate Change Scenarios; Sea Level Rise; Volcanoes and their Effects on Climate.</p><p>2.9 – Principles of Climatic Change</p><p>BBC Climate Change website http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/portal/climate_change/default.stm</p><p>Open University Climate Change website http://www.open2.net/climatechange/index.html UK Meteorological Office Guide to Climate Change http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/guide</p><p>Global climate change http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/index.html</p><p>Information, features and news releases.</p><p>Climate Change Science http://geochange.er.usgs.gov</p><p>Climate Impacts Research Centre, Abisko, Northern Sweden http://www.emg.umu.se/circ</p><p>United States Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov/glocal change</p><p>For topics such as sea-level change, glacier and landscape change in response to a changing climate, permafrost, carbon sequestration, climate impact on species, health risks. http://www.usgs.gov/science/science.php?term=168</p><p>Greenhouse Gas Online http://www.ghgonline.org</p><p>For news and resources.</p><p>Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre: climate change data and information analysis centre for US Department of Energy http://www.cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.html IPCC Reports http://www.ipcc.ch</p><p>At this website the various reports on climatic change can be downloaded.</p><p>Goddard Institute for Space Studies gives the recent history of global temperatures http://www.data.giss.nasa.gov/gikstemp</p><p>United Nations Environment Programme, including films e.g. melting glaciers and information on many aspects of environmental concerns http://www.unep/org</p><p>United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change http://www.unfccc.int/2860.php</p><p>Documents on climatic change topics, with information on international efforts to combat climate change leading up to the UN Climate Change conference in Copenhagen (7-18th December 2009), including the Bonn Climate Change talks in August 2009.</p><p>Climate Change Prediction, Institute of Physics http://www.iop.org/actvity/policy/Publications/file_4147_pdf</p><p>With an easy to read, well illustrated essay on Climate Change Prediction: a challenging scientific problem.</p><p>The Stern Report http://www.webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.hm- treasury.gov.uk/media/3/6/Chapter_1_The_Science_of _Climate_Change.pdf</p><p>Understanding Ice Ages at BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/iceage_01.shtml</p>