Identification of climate change adaptation Best Practices in the Waste Management Sector ___________________________________________ Disaster Waste Management Best practices FINAL REPORT – SEPTEMBER 4TH , 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I REVISIONS VERSION DATE COMMENTS AUTHOR : CHECKED Final document incl. 2 02/09/2013 MLL ThM comments from client 1 19/08/2013 Final document MLL & JW ThM 0 09/08/2013 Draft document part I MLL & JW ThM This document is submitted by Pöyry France – Pöyry France becomes Naldeo Contact : Thierry Martin Manager International Department Naldeo France Phone + 33.4.91.13.97.56 Mobile + 33.6.82.56.92.94 55 rue de la Villette 69425 Lyon cedex 03 - France E-mail : [email protected] Page 2 NALDEO- PÖYRY 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I CONTENTS PART I 1 IDENTIFICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC AREAS AFFECTED BY DESTRUCTIVE EVENTS LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Effects of climat change .............................................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 Effects of climate change in the Pacific Region .....................................................................................................................11 1.1.2 Affected geographic areas ......................................................................................................................................................13 2 ADAPTATION MEASURES .................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Planning...................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Disaster event analysis and waste characterization study ....................................................................................................18 2.1.2 SWM risk assessment study...................................................................................................................................................22 2.2 Facility design and construction or retrofitting .............................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Vulnerability assessment ........................................................................................................................................................27 2.2.2 Erosion control ........................................................................................................................................................................27 2.2.3 Flood and overflow prevention................................................................................................................................................29 2.2.4 Facility preparedness ..............................................................................................................................................................30 2.3 Operation .................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Risk factoring ...........................................................................................................................................................................31 2.3.2 Resource management ...........................................................................................................................................................31 2.3.3 Energy from waste ..................................................................................................................................................................32 2.4 Success of these measures in effectively mitigating the effects of CC – Case Study .................... 32 3 COMPARISON MATRIX ......................................................................................................... 33 3.1 General assessment criteria ........................................................................................................ 33 3.1.1 Environmental Sustainability...................................................................................................................................................33 3.1.2 Social sustainability .................................................................................................................................................................34 3.1.3 Focus on Climate Change adaptation ....................................................................................................................................34 3.1.4 Cost in US$ per ton of waste ..................................................................................................................................................34 3.2 Relevance at Labasa landfill ........................................................................................................ 35 4 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 Evaluation Matrix ........................................................................................................................ 37 Page 3 NALDEO- PÖYRY 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I PART II 1 DESCRIPTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION IN THE PACIFIC REGION ... 44 1.1 Review of SWM practices ........................................................................................................... 44 1.1.1 In the Pacific Islands Region ..................................................................................................................................................44 1.1.2 In Fiji ........................................................................................................................................................................................45 1.1.3 Local description at Labasa ....................................................................................................................................................46 2 BEST PRACTICES ................................................................................................................. 47 2.1 Post-disaster waste management options ................................................................................... 47 2.1.1 Disaster waste mapping..........................................................................................................................................................47 2.1.2 Pre-collection and collection ...................................................................................................................................................48 2.1.3 Haulage ...................................................................................................................................................................................49 2.1.4 Treatment and disposal ..........................................................................................................................................................49 2.1.5 Introduction of 3RC (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Compost) ..............................................................................................54 2.1.6 Energy from waste ..................................................................................................................................................................61 2.2 Global review of past experiences ............................................................................................... 63 2.3 Review Matrix ............................................................................................................................. 71 3 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 73 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 74 Page 4 NALDEO- PÖYRY 2013 IDENTIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BEST PRACTICES IN THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART I GLOSSARY Adaptation Adjustment or preparation of natural or human systems to a new or changing environment which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Biomass fuels or biofuels A fuel produced from dry organic matter or combustible oils produced by plants. These fuels are considered renewable as long as the vegetation producing them is maintained or replanted, such as firewood, alcohol fermented from sugar, and combustible oils extracted from soy beans. Their use in place of fossil fuels cuts greenhouse gas emissions because the plants that are the fuel sources capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Capacity building In the context of climate change, the process of developing the technical skills and institutional capability in developing countries and economies in transition to enable them to address effectively the causes and results of climate change. Climate Change Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among others, that occur over several decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes