<p> C3: Ground-based Remote and In-Situ Observations</p><p>1. How well do existing facilities and instruments match scientific needs?</p><p>Science needs/challenges are nearly infinite. Existing facilities meet important needs. Hard to be quantitative – no direct answer found to ‘how well’. A question was asked…Do we know what measurements are being used (statistics) beyond the basic Field Project publication metric?</p><p>Discussion quickly pushed to question #2</p><p>2. What new facilities/instruments/capabilities are needed?</p><p>Profiling needs:</p><p> 3-D profiling requirements – more thermodynamics over the land (relative to wind); more winds needed over the oceans;</p><p> Water vapor was mentioned a lot; are water-vapor DIAL ready for networks?</p><p> Profiling on the fly – radiometers for thermodynamic profiling may be close to chase-ready. What about very mobile wind profilers? (Discussion also mentioned mobile weather radars and NCAR’s role)</p><p> Profiling turbulence in the BL and entrainment at the top. Need for low-level wind and turbulence profiling – new fiber lidar devices may offer solution</p><p> Note: BL focus in discussion but a priority to also profile into free troposphere. No reps from UT/LS etc. in the room (but discussion after on UT/LS needs).</p><p> UAVs – some unique measurement possibilities, also limitations. Instrumentation rather than platform focus. Which flavor?</p><p> Synergy – lidar and radar; more sensors on dropsondes</p><p>In situ needs:</p><p> Need adaptable, rapidly/easily deployment measurements</p><p> need for measuring trace gasses; spatial variability of surface layer and surface properties (albedo, fluxes, C, N, etc,)  Some encouragement of UAV’s and tethersondes and manned aircraft Driftsonde target science; Profiling Network concept</p><p> Idea that EOL can provide expertise and instrumentation for other platforms, including buoys, enabling eg long-term measurements. Example deploy buoys in vicinity of hurricane;</p><p> Rapidly deployable GPS net….? (with ISS or ISFF?)</p><p> Water flux into the ground, and rain/snow gauges</p><p>General thoughts:</p><p> Over-water needs? Over 50% of the world’s population lives near coasts, yet the majority of our deployment emphasis is over land.</p><p> Profiling and flux measurements a priority over basic deployable mesonet</p><p> Coop mesonets are being relied on in an increasing manner There is a community need for QC of mesonet data</p><p> Should ISF/EOL participate in long-term observational testbeds? How?</p><p>3. What role should NSF play in creating these new facilities?</p><p>NCAR-academia-private sector partnerships needed.</p><p> Focus of the discussion moved to Education</p><p>What is role of NSF in education? Notes more education funded in ATM than average NSF directorates</p><p>Suggest more NCAR staff and sensors can visit universities. Need student access to facilities. Does field project selection process emphasize education enough?</p><p>Topic needs more discussion!</p>